Hematuria caused by urological diseases can be divided into two categories: medical hematuria and surgical hematuria. The former is mainly caused by various glomerulonephritis; the latter is caused by urological tumors, stones, tuberculosis, malformations, trauma and other diseases. Doctors will first make a preliminary distinction between the types of hematuria (primary screening) and then direct the patient to an internal medicine or urology department for detailed examination. Surgical hematuria is caused by the rupture of blood vessels at the site of the lesion, and is often accompanied by blood streaks and clots, and the hematuria changes rapidly. Moreover, because it is difficult to repair the fracture of the basement membrane, hematuria cannot disappear quickly, and even if the color of urine becomes clear after a few days of urination, microscopic hematuria still exists. Phase contrast microscopy helps to distinguish between the two. The morphology of urinary red blood cells is different in medical and surgical hematuria. Deformed red blood cell hematuria suggests medical hematuria, whereas homogeneous red blood cell hematuria suggests surgical hematuria.