Hematuria is a common condition and is divided into visual hematuria and microscopic hematuria (excess red blood cells in the urine on microscopic examination). The common causes of hematuria can be divided into two categories: a. glomerulogenic hematuria caused by various glomerular diseases (including some tubular and interstitial diseases); b. non-glomerulogenic hematuria caused by other diseases, including coagulation disorders (such as thrombocytopenia, anticoagulant drugs, etc.), urinary tract infections, urinary stones, urinary tract injuries and urinary tract tumors. The main points of differentiation between these two categories are as follows: a. Glomerulogenic hematuria must be hematuria throughout. In contrast, non-glomerular-derived hematuria may manifest as primary hematuria (lesion in the urethra), terminal hematuria (lesion in the parietal triangle) or total hematuria – a three-cup urine test is feasible, i.e., urine is left before, during and after a urination to check urinary routine. b, the vast majority of patients with glomerulogenic hematuria, there is no blood in the urine, blood clots, only IgA nephropathy, purpura nephritis, small vasculitis, crescentic nephritis and other very rare cases. In contrast, blood filaments and blood clots are common in non-glomerular-derived hematuria. c. Most patients with glomerulogenic hematuria have no urinary pain, only a few patients can have slight urinary pain due to the prominence of hematuria and stimulation of the bladder. While patients with non-glomerular origin hematuria sometimes show urinary pain, or discharge meatus hematuria after severe back pain (kidney stone or ureteral stone). d. If erythrocyte tubular pattern is found on sediment microscopy, it is almost certainly glomerulogenic hematuria. e, urinary red blood cell bitemporal method, glomerular-derived hematuria is mostly deformed red blood cells, while non-glomerular-derived hematuria is mostly normal red blood cells. f. Patients with glomerulogenic hematuria can also have other manifestations of nephropathy, such as proteinuria, swelling, hypertension, etc. Hematuria caused by urinary tract infections (including pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, etc.) is often accompanied by frequent, urgent and painful urination, and fever in the case of pyelonephritis. When the urine is tested, there are white blood cells in addition to red blood cells. This type of disease is usually relieved by anti-infection treatment, and hematuria is usually relieved. In the case of urinary stones (kidney, ureter, bladder and urethral stones), in addition to hematuria (mostly microscopic hematuria), it is more obvious that there is pain in the lower back and abdomen, and in the case of urethral stones, there is urinary retention. The diagnosis of urinary stones is mainly confirmed by ultrasound and x-ray. Once the stones are removed, the hematuria disappears. All urinary tract injuries have a history of injury, and the identification of hematuria is easy. Urological tumors (kidney cancer, pyel cancer, ureteral cancer and bladder cancer, etc.) are mostly seen in the elderly, and the characteristics of hematuria caused by them are: ① intermittent episodes; ② total (accompanied by the whole process of urination); ③ painless; ④ carnal hematuria. The diagnosis of urological tumors is mainly based on the symptoms of hematuria, combined with ultrasound, CT, cystoscopy and pyelogram. In many cases, despite multiple examinations, the cause of hematuria is still unclear and can only be speculated. For example, in young people, hematuria that occurs after strenuous exercise is often diagnosed as “post-exercise hematuria” after other serious diseases have been ruled out, and may be related to abnormalities in the blood vessels of the urinary system. In middle-aged people, hematuria after drinking alcohol is often associated with congestion and bleeding in the posterior urethra and prostate. Hematuria in elderly men with prostatic hyperplasia is also often attributed to prostatic hyperplasia after urological tumors have been ruled out.