The skin is the largest organ of the human body, with physiological roles of protection, sensation, immunity, regulation of body temperature, secretion and excretion, absorption and metabolism, etc. At the same time, the skin is like a silent language that can reflect the race, age, occupation and other characteristics of an individual.
The luster, elasticity, redness and smoothness of the skin give people a sense of health and beauty, and everyone wants to have healthy and perfect skin!
Criteria for healthy and beautiful skin.
Color: thin and tender skin, strong transparency, good vascularity, pink and slightly white or yellowish
moist: the degree of wetness and luster
Delicacy: fine and silky texture
Elasticity: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, subcutaneous fat pad
Function: cold, heat, pain and nerve reflexes
Fitzpatrick classification according to skin color and erythema and tanning reaction of the skin after sun exposure.
Type I: white skin color, sunburn after sun exposure, no tanning
Type II: White complexion, often sunburned, not easily tanned
Type III: white skin tone, sometimes sunburn, can tan
Type IV: brown skin, rarely sunburn, easy to tan
Type V: dark brown skin, not easy to sunburn, very easy to tan
Type VI: black skin, does not appear sunburn, very easy to tan
Classification according to the moisture contained in the skin, sebaceous glands secretion status and reactivity to external stimuli.
Dry skin.
Oily skin.
Normal skin.
Combination skin.
Sensitive skin.
Skin tone is related to the amount of melanin, and the rule of human melanin changes with age.
Neonatal period: usually no pigmentation changes, but due to abnormal cell development can cause some melanocyte proliferation or aggregation changes, such as: cyanotic nevus, Mongolian spot.
Infancy: melanin formation of skin and hair increases, and various pigmented nevi may appear.
Early childhood: melanin formation increases and pigmented nevi continue to appear.
Adolescent development: melanin further increases and pigmented nevi increase.
Middle age: Most of the pigmented nevi fade with age, but the skin color becomes darker and the hair color becomes lighter.
Old age: Hair color becomes grayish, age-related freckle-like nevus and seborrheic keratosis appear.
Aging of the skin:
1.Natural aging: clinical, histological, and functional decreases and changes in the skin and its appendages that occur in parallel with the aging of the body, caused by genetic factors and irresistible forces (gravity, endocrine, immunity, etc.).
2.Light aging:Glogau typing (Type I, II, III, IV) (omitted)
Aging process of female skin.
1.Over 20 years old: shallow small wrinkles may appear on the forehead.
2, 25-29 years old: fine wrinkles appear around the eyes, chin and corners of the mouth
3, 30 years old: deepening and increasing of forehead wrinkles, appearance of crow’s feet at the outer corners of the eyes and wrinkles on the upper and lower eyelids.
4.40 years old: wrinkles in the above-mentioned areas deepen and become obvious.
5, 50 years old: deepening of nasolabial folds or sunken cheeks in the cheek area.
6, 60 years of age or older: the whole body skin wrinkles increase, skin sagging.
The three principles of basic skin care: cleansing, moisturizing, and sun protection
Superficial skin cleansing: water washing and cleanser, pay attention to the mastery of water temperature and the use of cleanser
Deep skin cleansing: hot spray, oil control, use of make-up remover oil, dandruff treatment, etc.
General principles of skin cleansing.
1, cleaning agent bath time should be short, and pay attention to clean
2, the water temperature of facial cleaning to 25-30 ℃ is appropriate
3, the use of wetting agents after cleaning, to prevent irritant dermatitis, and can maintain moisture
4, infants and children should apply soft rinse instead of surfactant
5, sauna bath can aggravate itching, atopic dermatitis and cholinergic urticaria symptoms
Moisturization: is an important part of skin care, the hydration state of the stratum corneum is essential for the skin to remain smooth, soft and moisturized. The water content within the stratum corneum is the key to skin elasticity and firmness, and it depends on the ability of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) to retain water. Natural moisturizing factors are a mixture of water-soluble compounds that act at the core of the stratum corneum cells. Good cosmetics contain natural plant-derived NMF, which effectively moisturizes and improves the skin’s water content. Skin with a water content of <10% is dry and rough.
Sun protection: refers to the use of various means (physical and chemical) to prevent the damage or phototoxic effects of UV rays on the skin and the often accompanying photosensitive reactions.
Damaging effects of ultraviolet rays UVA, UVB and UVC on the skin in the sun (omitted)
Damage from UVA.
UVB damage.
UVC damage.
Skin care and sun protection products labeled sun protection factor (SPF and PA).
1, sun protection factor SPF (Sun
Protection Factor): is the earliest proposed sun protection factor, for the sun’s UVB protection index: SPF = MED2/MED1 = 20. define the skin UVB exposure to the minimum amount of redness MED1, the use of sunscreen the minimum amount of redness MED2.
For example: sunscreen labeled SPF15 that is: 20 × 15 = 300 minutes, protection time in 300 minutes.
2, PA also known as PFA (Protection
Factor of UVA): is for the sun’s UVA protection index, reference to reduce skin aging, discoloration, and wrinkles, PA is divided into +, ++, ++++ three levels, PFA 2-4 times is PA +, PFA 4-8 times is PA +++, PFA 8 times more than PA ++++.
Anti-aging of the skin.
Women generally take 24 years of age as the boundary, and their skin care is treated according to middle-aged people: 1. hydration and moisturization 2. restoration of skin elasticity 3. removal of aging stratum corneum 4. control of moderate sebum 5. use of antioxidants
Quantitative analysis of skin conditions commonly used in clinical practice (omitted)
Analysis of skin wrinkles.
Detection of skin pigmentation.
Detection of skin oil.
Detection of skin moisture.
Skin pH.
Skin sunscreen efficacy test.
Skin elasticity tests.
Common causes of facial dermatitis.
1, facial contact dermatitis: the use of inappropriate cosmetics produced mainly
2. seasonal facial dermatitis: associated with a variety of factors such as dust and ultraviolet light
3. seborrheic dermatitis: seborrheic areas
4. Facial reoccurring dermatitis: 20-40 year old women, orbital week onset
5. Facial hormone dependent dermatitis: use of hormones > 3 weeks
6.Hair follicle dermatitis: helminthic mite infection
7, perioral dermatitis: nasolabial folds, perioral lips, cheeks
How to choose the right cosmetics for you (slightly)
1.Choose according to age.
2.Choose according to gender:
3.Choose according to the environment:
4.Choose according to the sensitivity of the skin:
5.Choose according to the type of skin:
6.Select according to the part of the skin.
I. Select cosmetics according to the part of the skin
The face begins at the front edge of the hairline, ends at the ear, and includes the lateral line of the jaw and the chin, which is the most complex and challenging part of the skin care formula. The face is vital to a person’s image, personality, health and age, and therefore the most skin care products are used on the face.
1.The skin care needs of the face: maintain skin health ＋ enhance skin beauty.
2.Maintaining healthy skin requires optimizing biofilm by carefully balancing the use of cleansing products and moisturizing products; it also requires making the skin surface profile more even and preventing and repairing skin damage.
3.Preventing skin damage due to sun exposure is another important facial skin care need. Sunscreen products absorb, scatter or reflect UVB/UVA radiation and are the most important skin care products.
The lips are the focal point of the face and a plump lip has a special beauty. Like the eyelids, the lips are the transition between dry keratinous skin in general and moist mucous membrane skin, and are the entry point for external substances such as bacteria, viruses and medications.
Waterproof lip balm is the most effective way to relieve dry lips by preventing saliva from constantly moistening the skin surface. Using a high-quality lip balm with at least SPF 15 in your daily basic skin care routine can prevent actinic lip infections both medically and cosmetically, and can prevent lip cancer and prevent recurrence of herpes simplex.
The hands are the most expressive part of the body, able to write, draw, dance and express feelings, and we can initially distinguish gender, occupation and age just through our hands.
1, hand skin care in addition to basic cleaning, more need to moisturize, repair, sun protection, whitening.
2, hand moisturizing is very important, because often clean, hand moisture loss is more serious. Moisturizers can hydrate the skin, reduce itching and pain, emollients light moisten the skin surface. Moisturizers can be used for dry skin and also for repairing eczema and psoriasis.
Feet need to be cleaned frequently, not only to prevent infection, but also to prevent odor: foot odor is mainly caused by bacteria breeding in foot sweat in a closed environment. Frequent foot cleaning is a prerequisite for healthy foot skin, but excessive cleaning may lead to dry skin and eczema, so skin cleaning needs to be moderate. One of the measures to prevent dry foot skin is the use of moisturisers.
1, moisturisers not only prevent dry foot skin but also soften keratin.
2. The process of applying moisturizer can help peel off dead skin from the toes and arches.
Criteria for a healthy scalp.
1, no scalp disease
2, no scalp itching and greasy feeling
3, all hair follicles – sebaceous gland units are evenly distributed, sebum secretion is moderate, providing a good environment for hair growth and adequate nutrition
The criteria of healthy hair.
1, uniform color, luster, no dander
2.Hair is neat, moist and elastic
3, hair feel soft, smooth, light and fluffy, not greasy
4, stable properties, good resistance, easy to comb, styling
Second, according to the type of skin to choose cosmetics:
Dry skin lack of moisture, some people also lack sebum, should be selected with a strong moisturizing effect while rich in lipid skin care products. Use moisturizer before makeup, choose nourishing foundation, can often use moisturizing spray.
Neutral skin: the choice of cosmetics is wider, you can use weak acid, moderate oil content of creams and creams cosmetics. Use a mild moisturizer before makeup to keep the skin moist.
Oily skin: Choose a neutral, more moderate soap or a weakly acidic cleanser. After washing your face, use a lotion with astringent ingredients, then apply a topical water or cream with less oil content, and use an oil-control product before makeup. Frequent excessive washing will stimulate the sebaceous glands to secrete even more!
Third, choose cosmetics according to age
Adolescence: sebum secretion is exuberant and acne, pimples and folliculitis begin to appear. You should strengthen cleaning and use oil control products appropriately, while paying attention to moisturizing. Use sunscreen every day.
Before the age of 20, the skin’s own metabolism is active. In order to prevent and external environment (especially ultraviolet rays) from affecting the skin, attention should be paid to good protection: cleanse the face with water or mild cleansing products every night, and use mild moisturizers to enhance moisturizing.
After the age of 30: The occurrence of acne decreases and the skin begins to become dry, wrinkled and lose elasticity. At this stage, you need to start using eye creams to prevent wrinkles around the eyes. Special attention should be paid to moisturizing, especially in the dry environmental climate of fall and winter.
Age 40: Skin starts to become rough and dull, pores are enlarged, wrinkles are visible, and the cumulative effects of external damage begin to appear: freckles, age spots, hyperpigmentation. In addition to continuing to maintain daily cleansing and moisturizing, anti-aging products such as vitamin A acid, antioxidants, and alpha hydroxy acids can be used at the same time.
After 50: Skin becomes thinner, paler, drier, looser, loses elasticity and becomes more sensitive to the environment. In addition to basic care, you can often perform facial massage to promote blood circulation and use products containing anti-aging ingredients such as alpha hydroxy acid, retinoic acid, antioxidants and wetting agents appropriately.
Four, according to the gender selection of cosmetics (omitted)
V. Choose cosmetics according to the environment (omitted)
Six, according to the sensitivity of the skin to choose cosmetics
Selection of cosmetics for primary sensitive skin (omitted)
Selection of cosmetics for secondary sensitive skin (omitted)
It is recommended that all patients with sensitive skin should choose cosmetics under the guidance of a clinician!
Common clinical dermatoses caused by improper use of cosmetics.
Cosmetic contact dermatitis
Cosmetic photosensitivity dermatitis
Cosmetic dermatosis pigmentosa
Cosmetic acne
Cosmetic trichotillomania
Cosmetic nail disease
Cosmetic lip infection
Cosmetics that I like to recommend.
General cosmetics: commercially available general cosmetics are available, but the use of whitening and blemish products should be aware of the possibility of allergies in some groups of people.
medical cosmetics: suitable for people with hypersensitivity, I recommend facial skin care products (especially sensitive, allergy-prone people) using brands such as Avène, Skin Care; body lotion and moisturizing cream I recommend the use of Neutrogena brand products, Neutrogena acne clearing series products are also particularly good, can replace part of the drug treatment; whitening products can be used corestratum or Vyse and other brands.
Covering agent: facial pigmentation or vitiligo and other cases can use covering agent, Japan Shiseido’s covering agent is more suitable for yellow skin Chinese!