The common causes of macroscopic hematuria generally include physiological factors such as after strenuous exercise; pathological factors such as urological diseases, hematological diseases, infectious diseases, immune system diseases and other diseases; and nephrotoxic reactions to drugs (e.g. rifampicin) and radiation. 1. Physiological factors: hematuria can be seen after strenuous exercise, high fever, heavy physical labor, long time standing and so on. 2. Pathological factors: commonly found in urinary system diseases such as urinary tract infection, urinary stones, urinary tract tumors, etc.; hematological system diseases such as thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, aplastic anemia, etc.; infectious diseases such as septicemia, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, etc.; immune system diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, purpura fulminans. 3. Nephrotoxic reaction of drugs (e.g. rifampicin) and radiation: If patients take drugs such as rifampicin, and after exposure to radiation, hematuria will occur. If the patient appears to have hematuria, it is recommended to go to the hospital in time, under the guidance of the doctor for standardized treatment.