1.What is male infertility?
As the name suggests, male infertility is a condition in which a couple has lived together for more than one year after marriage without using contraception, but the wife fails to have children and the cause occurs in the husband. In the past, male infertility and male infertility were divided into two categories. Male infertility means that the husband can make his wife pregnant, but the fetus cannot survive, such as miscarriage and stillbirth, while male infertility means that the husband cannot make his wife pregnant. Currently, the two conditions are no longer distinguished in detail, but are collectively referred to as male infertility.
The WHO (World Health Organization) definition of infertility is a history of at least 12 months of non-contraceptive sexual intercourse without conception. At present, China’s generally accepted definition is: at least 2 years of non-contraceptive sexual history and failed to make his wife conceive.
2.What is primary male infertility?
Primary male infertility is when a man has never conceived a woman, whether she is his wife, sexual partner or otherwise. This is actually judged on the basis of the patient’s reproductive history, which is different from the concept of idiopathic infertility, not to mention unexplained infertility, and therefore primary male infertility is not a diagnostic term of etiology. This is easy to confuse and should be distinguished.
3, what is secondary male infertility?
Secondary male infertility refers to a man who has conceived a woman, regardless of whether she is his current spouse or not, or regardless of the outcome of the conception, and who has had a history of non-contraceptive sex for the last 12 months and still has not conceived. In general, secondary infertility in men has a greater likelihood of restoring fertility. Therefore, the distinction between primary and secondary infertility is of clinical practical significance.
4. What is relative infertility and absolute infertility?
Relative infertility and absolute infertility is a general classification of male infertility patients, and this classification is important for determining the treatment effect and prognosis of male infertility patients.
Absolute infertility refers to the complete loss of fertility of the patient, which is difficult to be cured by the current treatment methods. For such patients, they should do a good job of explaining the ideological work and persuade them to adopt or use the sperm donated by others for artificial insemination to make their wives pregnant in order to meet the desire to raise children.
Relative infertility means that the patient’s fertility has been damaged and destroyed to a certain extent, but not to the point of complete loss of fertility, after reasonable conditioning and treatment, there is still hope to restore fertility. For such patients, life guidance, medication, artificial insemination and other measures can be used according to different situations.
5.What are the categories of male infertility?
There are different ways to classify male infertility. Some people often classify male infertility into oligospermia, weak spermia, deformed spermia, azoospermia, etc. based on semen laboratory results; others classify it into sexual dysfunctional infertility, abnormal semen infertility, azoospermia, etc. The above classification methods are either superficial or vague and general. For this reason, WHO proposed a classification based on etiological diagnosis, which is currently the most authoritative classification of male infertility diagnosis in the world, and it divides male infertility into 16 categories.
(1) sexual intercourse and/or ejaculatory dysfunction.
(2) Immunological etiology.
(3) unknown causes.
(4) simple seminal plasma abnormalities.
(5) medical etiology.
(6) systemic etiology; (7) congenital anomalies
(7) congenital anomalies
(8) Acquired testicular injury
(9) varicose veins of the spermatic cord.
(10) male paraphilic gonadal infections
(11) endocrine etiology; (12) idiopathic oligospermia
(12) idiopathic oligospermia
(13) idiopathic weak spermatozoa
(14) idiopathic teratozoospermia
(15) obstructive azoospermia
(16) idiopathic azoospermia.
6.How to read the semen examination report card?
Currently, as there is no uniform requirement for semen examination report card, the testing items and contents vary from one medical unit to another, and the form of the report card also varies, but it should generally have items such as semen volume, color, viscosity, liquefaction, pH and sperm density, activity rate and morphology. In good conditions, units can also carry out multiple items such as anti-sperm antibodies, staining, hypotonic swelling test, bacterial culture, enzymology and semen lipid peroxide testing.
Before looking at the semen examination report card, you should know the normal values of each item. Normal sperm include: density ≥ 20×106/ml, motility: ≥ 25% of fast linear motile sperm or ≥ 50% of fast and slow linear motile sperm, morphology: ≥ 30% of sperm with normal sperm head morphology and ≤ 10% of motile sperm encapsulated with antibodies and without agglutination.
Normal seminal plasma includes: volume ≥ 2.0 ml, normal appearance and viscosity, pH between 7.2 and 7.8, normal biochemical tests, less than 1×106/ml white blood cells, and negative semen bacterial culture, i.e. less than 1000 bacteria/ml.
Knowing the normal criteria for each item, and then comparing the test results with them, you can find out whether the test results are normal or not.