The State Food and Drug Administration has issued a notice on the campaign to promote the rational use of antibacterial drugs, calling on the public not to buy their own antibacterial drugs and to use them rationally under the guidance of their doctors. This is a responsible initiative for the people, and everyone should actively participate in it. Not only medical professionals need to use antibiotics rationally, but also the general public and patients should have the awareness of rational use and use them under the guidance of doctors, and not blindly buy antibiotics for themselves. In this way, we can promote the rational use of antibiotics in our country and avoid the adverse drug reactions and the continuous increase of bacterial resistance. It is widely recognized that antibiotics are the greatest medical discovery of the twentieth century, and its discovery should be remarkable for its contribution to the extension of human life by at least 10 years. Antibiotics were first discovered in 1941, when penicillin was called the “magic egg”, a very effective drug that was used in very small quantities. The first thing you need to do is to get a few million units of penicillin and it won’t work very well, and that’s how resistant it is. Antibiotics about sixty years of development, the first thirty years is relatively good, the second thirty years of human face constant challenges, the so-called challenge from our own, not reasonable use of drugs caused by the consequences. Some pessimistic scholars believe that if the abuse of antibiotics is no longer controlled, mankind may lose this beneficial therapeutic weapon in the 21st century, and return to the era without antibiotics, the so-called “post-antibiotic era”. We know that the “post-XX era” is better, such as the “post-industrialization era” is to enter the era of information technology. But the post-antibiotic era is a regression, we may return to the state of no drugs available, a large number of infectious diseases will endanger human health and life. Although this is a pessimistic idea, the pessimism is well justified. It is a real phenomenon that bacteria develop drug resistance much faster than new drugs are developed. For example, our clinical use of the saxacin class of drugs, initially used in the early 1980s, did not take long for bacteria to develop resistance. The current situation of the use of antibiotics in China In the hospital clinical basically every department, every professional doctors are using antibiotics, its use rate is very high, for the infection, including viral infections, bacterial infections, parasitic infections, mycoplasma, chlamydia and other microbial infections are required to use antibiotics. Many of our common illnesses are indeed infectious diseases, such as the common cold, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin infections, but they are caused by different infectious agents, 80-90% of the upper respiratory tract is a viral infection, while the urinary tract is a bacterial infection. If it is a viral infection we need to use antiviral antibiotics, if it is a bacterial infection we need to use antibacterial antibiotics. The use of antibiotics in the hospital accounts for 30-50% of the total. Some of them are needed, and the other part is irrational use. In addition to hospitals, antibiotics are present in people’s homes, and a large part of pharmacies are also antibiotics. The use of antibiotics in China is very widespread, of which there are certainly many irrational, which requires strict, scientific guidance management. The use of antibiotics in developed countries in Europe and America accounts for roughly 10% of all drugs. The lowest hospital in China is 30%, and the primary hospital may be as high as 50%. Antibiotic abuse is a problem that we cannot avoid, and the reasons for this are the following: First, because it is in the initial stage of social development, the country’s research capacity, originality is not strong, the drugs are mainly generic, numerous pharmaceutical companies are producing antibiotics. Second, there are hundreds of pharmaceutical companies producing the same antibiotic, so that there may be vicious competition in market sales, and this competition will lead to the emergence of irrational use of antibiotics. The third, the medical development of professional division of labor more and more fine, each doctor has their own professional aspects of the problem, antibiotics are commonly used drugs specialization is not as strong as the specialty, so there will be misuse or abuse of the situation. Fourth, patients and patients’ families habitually take antibiotics to cure their illness. For example, if you have a cold, according to the medical point of view, many colds belong to viral infections, strictly speaking, there is no effective drug, only symptomatic treatment, no need to use antibiotics. But we all may have had this experience, after the cold habitually buy some cold medicine in the pharmacy, and at the same time add a little antibiotics to use. In fact, antibiotics at this time is not useful, is a waste and abuse. Fifth, our national drug regulations, a long time ago, divided into prescription drugs and non-prescription drugs, antibiotics should belong to the prescription drugs, but in the process of drug sales, we go to buy drugs when someone needs to show a prescription? In addition to traditional Chinese medicine remedies, western medicine can be bought as long as the name is spoken, and there are even medical supermarkets that allow themselves to choose the medicine, so that the accuracy will be high? It will undoubtedly lead to the abuse of antibiotics. Sixth, the massive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry. We often hear reports of our exported food being detected with some antibiotic residues and rejected outside of customs. It is my understanding that the amount of antibiotics used in the livestock industry far exceeds the total amount used by humans. There are more antibiotics present in the environment, that the bacteria in the environment have long received antibiotics and have developed resistance, and it is more difficult to treat infections in humans if they then acquire resistant bacteria. This is not only a problem in our country, but also a global problem. One aspect of the unregulated use of antibiotics is that it causes bacterial resistance, and bacterial resistance develops much faster than we can develop new drugs. In the long run, we may regress to the state we were in before the 1970s and 1980s, without the use of antibiotics, and humanity will once again face the threat of many infectious diseases. For example, tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was thought to be very well controlled many years ago, but now there are so many drug-resistant tuberculosis bacteria that it is very difficult to treat. This can cause an increase in mortality, and the social resources spent on treating drug-resistant TB are more than ten times that of treating a non-drug-resistant TB, resulting in a very heavy social burden. The second aspect is that antibiotics are also drugs that can cause many adverse reactions when they enter the body and have a therapeutic effect. The more drugs used, the higher the chance of causing adverse reactions. The records of China’s Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center show that one third of the adverse drug reactions in our country are caused by antibiotics, and this proportion is consistent with the proportion of antibiotic use. There are more types of antibiotics that cause adverse reactions or serious adverse reactions involving every system of the body, so the rational use of antibiotics is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. Antibiotics are actually no stranger to people, strictly speaking, antibiotics are drugs that inhibit and kill all living substances at very low concentrations. For example, we have drugs for bacteria, viruses, parasites and even anti-tumor drugs that fall under the category of antibiotics. However, the antibiotics we refer to in our daily life and medical treatment are mainly drugs that target bacteria and viruses and microorganisms, and there are quite a few types of them. It can be divided into more than ten categories. For example, there are many varieties of penicillin, such as cephalosporin, which are commonly used in clinical practice. There are also many kinds of erythromycin such as roxithromycin and azithromycin. Each of them has its own characteristics and should be used for different bacteria and for different people and diseases. By definition, antibiotics are able to kill living organisms, such as bacteria and viruses, at very low concentrations. There are many things that can kill living things, such as disinfectants used at home that can also kill living things but can only be called disinfectants, which can not be used in the human body, but can only be used for environmental disinfection outside the body. Antibiotics are drugs with low toxicity and high safety that can be used in the human body at very low concentrations. The purpose of antibiotics is to kill the microorganisms that infect us, in order to kill the pathogens, control the disease, and ultimately treat the disease. The difference between antibiotics and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs Antibiotics have a wide variety of use and are well known among the general population, which has created a state of confusion in terms of its name. For a long time, not only among the general public, but even among some professionals who are not very sure about the definition of a strict antibiotic. The people generally refer to anti-inflammatory drugs are estimated to be antibiotics, but in fact strictly speaking anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics should be two different types of drugs. The antibiotics we use do not work directly against inflammation, but against the microorganisms that cause inflammation, and are designed to kill microorganisms, while anti-inflammatory drugs are for inflammation, such as the commonly used aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics. What is the relationship between antimicrobials and antibiotics? They are the relationship between a large range and a small range. Antibiotics are for all living organisms that can be healed and killed, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, tumor cells, etc. Antibacterial drugs are mainly for killing bacteria. The actual anti-bacterial drugs can be counted in the category of antibiotics, because there are many microorganisms besides bacteria that can cause human infection, such as the SARS epidemic in 2003, which is a viral infection and requires antiviral drugs. Antibiotics are broader, while antibacterial drugs are more specific. Q: What are the adverse effects of antibiotics and the dangers of abuse? A: One aspect of antibiotics is that they are a drug that can produce many adverse reactions after widespread use, which is a common occurrence. For example, children who use gentamicin and butamycin will become deaf and dumb, and adults who use them may have kidney problems. There are also tetracycline in erythromycin, which can cause liver damage when used in large quantities, and can affect the development of teeth and bones in children. Each antibiotic causes a variety of adverse reactions, basically involving every organ and every system of the human body, but the focus of each drug is different. The second aspect is that antibiotics can produce resistance, which is not a problem with other drugs. The second aspect of antibiotics is that they can be resistant to other drugs. It is a measure for bacteria to protect themselves. If we abuse antibiotics, these disease-causing microorganisms present in the environment are drug-resistant, then the human body is infected with drug-resistant bacteria, it is difficult to have effective drug treatment, the final damage is our own human beings. Q: How to use antibiotics is safe, will not produce drug resistance? A: It is very simple, that is, under the guidance of doctors to use reasonably, do not use blindly by themselves. After getting sick, you can usually buy some symptomatic medicine first according to your situation, for example, you think it is a cold buy some cold medicine can be, unnecessary to buy antibiotics to use. If you really think it is a bacterial infection, you should consult your doctor to decide whether to use antibiotics. Q: What is drug resistance? A: Human beings, bacteria, viruses and fungi are all living organisms. Although the composition of human beings is very complex and bacteria and viruses are very simple, as living organisms, they have to fight back and resist when their lives are threatened. For example, when a person is in danger, he or she can escape, fight back, defend himself or herself, and so on, and so will the bacteria, viruses or fungi. It can be said that the human can think of ways to resist foreign aggression bacteria can think of, although bacteria are small but very smart pixie, to eliminate it is not so simple. Q: Do I need to use antibiotics when I have a cold? A: You don’t need antibiotics for a cold. A cold is a viral infection. Q: What antibiotics should I use for a common sore throat? A: Most common sore throats are viral infections, so antibiotics are not needed unless your tonsils are found to be septic, and you can take some oral antibiotics, including oral penicillin, oral cephalosporin, and oral erythromycin. If you are allergic to penicillin, you should choose erythromycin type is better. Q: Penicillin is still in use, is this a good and inexpensive antibiotic? A:Penicillin at the beginning of its development it has more indications, many infections can be treated with penicillin. With a large number of long-term use, many bacteria have become resistant, its use of the field has become narrower and narrower, if used for the indications, it is indeed a good drug at a good price. Q: My friend said that the more expensive the antibiotic, the better, and that the drug must be used in one step when there is a disease, is this correct? A: This is a completely wrong concept. In fact, we have to choose the right medicine for the pathogen that causes the disease infection. What is a one-step approach? If someone has pneumonia, what drug is chosen to be a one-step approach at this time? The pathogens that cause pneumonia are different for each group of people. This person may be sensitive to penicillin, and penicillin works best. So it is not the more expensive the better the medicine. Targeting the pathogen, i.e., targeting the infecting bacteria, is the only real step in the right direction. Q: What kind of antibiotics are used for chronic pharyngitis and chronic gastritis? A: Antibiotics are not recommended for chronic pharyngitis, but mainly for symptomatic treatment. Chronic gastritis is now depending on the situation, if there is Helicobacter pylori can be used clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole and other drugs. Q: What antibiotics should I take for allergic rhinitis? A:Allergic rhinitis is an allergy and antibiotics should not be used. Unless there is already a co-infection on top of the allergy. Generally allergic rhinitis often runs clear, if it becomes purulent it needs some antibiotics, oral amoxicillin or oral cephalosporin can be used, but simple allergic rhinitis can be treated symptomatically, now there are many drugs for allergic rhinitis instead of using antibiotics. Q: What antibiotics can be used for toothache and nose pain from fire? A: In our country toothache seems to be a minor problem, but in fact, some of the toothache is also infected, for example, pericoronitis in adults around 20 years old is caused by when we grow wisdom teeth, at this time, treatment with antibiotics is one aspect, in addition to the need to go to the stomatology department for treatment, such as helping the teeth grow out, or the teeth that really can not grow out should be extracted. Infections in the oral cavity often have more anaerobic bacteria. The actual fact is that you will be able to get a lot more than just a few of the most popular and most popular drugs. 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