(1) Conservative treatment: generally suitable for superficial and small defects at the fingertips. It is a simple and easy method to achieve wound healing after a long time of wound dressing, but the healing recovery time is long. The studies of Mennen and Wise and Lee LP concluded that the patient can obtain satisfactory appearance and function. (2) Free skin graft: For patients with finger end injuries, full or medium-thickness skin free skin graft is feasible when there is no deep tissue exposure such as bone and tendon. (3) Stump suture: It is suitable for finger end defects where the defect plane is located near the nail arc shadow. The procedure is simple and safe, the healing time is short, and the stump feels good and wears well after healing. However, this method cannot preserve the length of the finger, and individual cases have stump pain. (4) V-Y flap: It is suitable for smaller finger end defects with transverse or oblique dorsal injury. Under anesthesia with finger nerve or brachial plexus nerve block, unilateral V-shaped flap nudging is performed from the lateral side of the finger trauma toward the midpoint of the finger belly to form a V-shaped flap, and the skin of the V-shaped flap is cut, preserving the subcutaneous vascular nerve bundle that supplies the flap. The bottom edge of the V-shaped flap is sutured to the dorsal nail or skin edge of the stump, the lateral edge of the flap is sutured to the stump, the palmar donor area is sutured directly, and the stump is finally sutured into a Y shape. The double V-shaped flap push is only slightly different in the design of the flap, from the nail edge on one side to the ventral midpoint of the stump, two V-shaped flaps are formed on the lateral side of the finger, and the two flaps are pushed distally at the same time, so that their bottom edges are sutured to each other to form two Y-shaped stumps. It is easy and quick to operate, and the skin of the finger end has a certain thickness after surgery and is resistant to friction, which is important for the improvement of finger function. Another outstanding advantage is that it ensures the original length of the injured finger and avoids the consequences of shortening the finger bone due to the closure of the wound in one stage. According to Yuan Yuanxing et al. this procedure not only did not shorten the injured finger, but also had the effect of slightly lengthening the injured finger. Its main disadvantage is that the advancement distance is limited, and partial or total necrosis of the flap can occur if it is not performed properly or if it is advanced too much. Also, the incision scar on the abdomen of the finger can affect the sensation of the finger. (5) Advancement flap with vascular nerve tip: It is suitable for injuries with less end loss, transverse type or palmar sympathetic tilt type. There are V-Y advancement flap with vascular nerve tip and oblique triangular advancement flap with vascular nerve tip and stepped island advancement flap with vascular nerve tip. The advantages of these flaps are similar skin color, texture, thickness and tissue structure, and beautiful postoperative appearance. The flap with finger nerves is good in sensation and wear. The procedure is completed in one operation without disconnecting the tip, and the donor area does not require skin grafting. It can be used for early functional exercise, which is conducive to the functional recovery of finger joints and metacarpophalangeal joints. However, the operation requires certain microscopic operation technique, which is difficult to promote. (6) Metacarpal advancement flap: generally used for larger area of oblique metacarpal sympathetic finger end defects. Under tourniquet control, appropriate anesthesia is selected, and after the trauma of the finger end is cleared, a median incision is made on both fingers, the distal end is connected to the trauma of the finger end, and the superficial surface of the flexor tendon sheath is sharply separated from afar to near, without damaging the tendon sheath and the vascular nerve bundle, and contained within the flap. The length of the free flap depends on the site and size of the trauma. The interphalangeal joint is flexed, the flap is advanced, and the distal end is sutured first, followed by sutures on both sides of the incision. Postoperatively, the finger is fixed in the flexed position. The advantages of this flap are that it preserves the maximum length of the affected finger, has a high flap viability rate, realistic finger end shape, normal skin color and temperature, and good sensation. The disadvantage is that it affects the blood flow of the dorsal skin of the finger and may cause dorsal skin necrosis, and it may affect the mobility of the distal interphalangeal joint. A modified palmar advancement flap with only the unilateral intrinsic neurovascular tip of the finger can increase the advancement distance without causing necrosis of the dorsal skin of the finger. (7) Finger artery retrograde island flap : For large, oblique palmar sympathetic end of finger defects of the 2nd to 5th fingers. Under anesthesia with finger nerve or brachial plexus nerve block, the finger artery is carefully isolated and the finger nerve is preserved in situ by incising and exposing the vessels and nerve bundles in accordance with the incision line. The proximal finger artery is cut and ligated, the vascular tip island flap is free and transferred retrogradely and tension-free to the end of the finger defect, the wound is closed, and the flap donor area is grafted with full-thickness skin or sutured directly. The advantages of this flap are maximum length preservation and good texture, surgical simplicity, high survival rate, and good restoration of form, function, and sensation of the injured finger without damaging the other fingers. The biggest disadvantage is that one of the main blood supply arteries has to be sacrificed, resulting in a relative lack of blood supply to the injured finger and poor cold tolerance, which affects the quality of survival. (8) Dorsal retrograde island flap: Under local anesthesia or brachial plexus anesthesia, a balloon tourniquet is tied to the upper arm, and a rubber band is usually not used to stop bleeding at the root of the finger. Routine disinfection is performed to clear the wound and hemostasis is achieved with bipolar electrocoagulation. The flap size and axis point are designed with the flap area slightly larger than the trauma surface and the tip length slightly larger than the distance from the axis point to the trauma surface. The skin and subcutaneous tissue were incised from near to far, and the flap was turned up from the surface of the extensor tendon. Then a tip incision is made, first separating the dermis from the subcutaneous tissue and then separating the subcutaneous tissue from the tendon membrane of the extensor tendon into a fascial tip no less than 8 mm in width. The tourniquet was relaxed and the flap was observed to have good blood circulation before covering the wounded finger, and the donor area was used as a full-layer free skin graft. Retrograde dorsal skin flaps are used for lateral or dorsal skin defects and transverse defects of the terminal segment of the finger. Dorsal retrograde flaps are not done for ventral defects. This is because the ventral skin of the finger requires sensation and abrasion resistance, whereas the dorsal skin of the finger is thin and has relatively poor abrasion resistance. The dorsal retrograde flap procedure is relatively simple, safe, and does not require secondary surgery. Moreover, the intrinsic artery of the finger is not sacrificed, the function of the adjacent finger is not affected, and the repaired skin has good sensation. (9) Dorsal transfer flap of the terminal finger: It is suitable for lateral defects of the end of the finger and transverse defects of the end of the finger distal to 1/3 of the nail bed. It has the advantage of better skin color texture, but sensory recovery has to be evaluated. (10) Neighboring finger island flap: generally used for end-of-finger defects of the thumb. The size of the wound is measured, and the extent of the flap and the projection line of the nerve and vascular tip on the lateral side of the adjacent finger (healthy finger) are drawn with gentian violet according to the reversal plan method. The skin and subcutaneous skin were incised on the lateral side of the affected finger near the donor finger, and the injured nerve stump was exposed and set aside. The flap is cut according to the design line, and the blood vessels and nerve bundle are free at the tip, including some soft tissues as far as possible; the finger nerve in the blood vessels and nerve bundle is free, and the finger nerve is cut at the appropriate position of the nerve tip so that the severed end of the finger nerve carried by the skin after flap transfer can make a tension-free anastomosis with the finger nerve proximal to the traumatic edge of the affected finger to transfer the flap, so that the flap covers the traumatic surface of the affected finger and is fixed with sutures. The flap has a thickness close to that of a normal finger, toughness, abrasion resistance, sensitivity, less mobility, and good blood flow. The flap has good sensation due to its own nerve. Since the flap is doubly nourished by blood vessels and nerves, the nature of the flap is close to that of normal finger skin. However, when the nerve on one side of the donor finger becomes the donor, the sensation of the ipsilateral end of the finger will be affected to varying degrees. (11) Proximal finger flap: generally used for larger defects in the ventral part of the index, middle, and ring fingers. The advantages of this procedure are simple operation, high flap survival rate, wear-resistant skin, and near-normal color. The disadvantage is poor skin sensory recovery, which can lead to stiffness of the finger joints and require secondary surgery. (12) Dorsal middle finger flap: This flap is mainly used for the repair of finger end defects that require sensory reconstruction. Under brachial plexus anesthesia, the flap is designed and cut according to the shape of the defect area. The distal end of the flap should not exceed the dorsal skin fold of the DIP joint, and the proximal end can be extended to about 1.0 cm of the dorsal skin fold of the PIP joint, with the midline on both sides of the flap. The key to flap design is that the vascular tip of the flap must be included in the flap. The vascular nerve bundle of the finger is separated through a median incision on the radial or ulnar side of the donor finger (depending on the end defect), and the innominate artery is isolated along with its accompanying vein and a small amount of adipose tissue. The innominate nerve is stripped and its branches protected, and the dorsal sensory branch of the innominate nerve contained in the flap is severed from its origin and freed to the flap. The flap is then incised distally and proximally and contralaterally according to the pre-designed flap pattern, and the innominate artery is cut and ligated distally and proximally at the distal end of the flap. The free plane of the flap is superficial to the peritendinous tissue of the extensor tendon of the finger, and the peritendinous tissue is preserved to facilitate implant coverage of the donor area. The vascular tip of the flap is usually dissected only to the common finger artery, or to the superficial palmar arch if there is difficulty in extending the flap. A “Z” incision is made lateral to the recipient finger on the side of the vascular tip, the flap is moved to the recipient area and the dorsal sensory branch of the innominate nerve contained in the flap is anastomosed to the recipient finger nerve with 9-0 or 10-0 nylon thread under the microscope, the flap is sutured to the wound, and the donor area is repaired with a medium-thickness or full-thickness skin slice. The damaged finger can recover good sensory function soon after the repair. The flap has a soft texture, moderate thickness, and a full finger belly after repair, which is satisfactory in appearance. The greatest advantage of this flap is that it does not destroy the intrinsic nerve of the donor finger, so there is no sensory deficit in the donor finger after surgery. The flap has a constant, superficial location of the vascular tip and innervated nerve, which makes it very easy to cut, simple to operate, and has a high success rate. (13) Interphalangeal skin k: It is suitable for defects with a small area at the end of the finger in the index, middle, ring, and little fingers. Its advantages and disadvantages are similar to those of the adventitious skin k. (14) Distal flap: including cross-arm flap, cross-thoracic flap and cross-ventral flap. It is suitable for large skin defects at the end of the finger. It is simple, widely applicable, and has a high flap viability. However, the flap has poor appearance, poor sensory recovery, and requires fixation of the affected finger, which may lead to joint stiffness, and requires secondary surgery.