Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common demyelinating disease of the white matter of the central nervous system in young adults, but can be seen in people of any age. Most patients are characterized by recurrent relapses and remissions, although about 10% of patients have progressive exacerbations since the onset of the disease. The typical signs and symptoms can take many forms, such as limb numbness and weakness, visual impairment or blindness, unsteady walking, aphasia, vertigo, diplopia, nystagmus, and dysarthria, due to lesions of the white matter conduction tract of the spinal cord, optic nerve, periventricular white matter, brainstem, and cerebellum. Currently, the most important examination technique for MS patients is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), followed by lumbar puncture cerebrospinal fluid tests, serum tests for certain autoantibodies (including AQP4 autoantibodies), and related neurophysiological examinations such as visual evoked potentials, brainstem auditory evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, and sympathetic skin responses, which can help detect subclinical lesions and confirm the early diagnosis of MS. Of course, the diagnosis of MS also needs to be confirmed by various other tests to exclude diseases similar to it. The application of international unified diagnostic criteria for diagnosis, typing and disease assessment can help early diagnosis and accurate judgment of the disease, and early diagnosis is especially important for early professional treatment, which can help improve the prognosis of the disease.