The first thing that I would like to do is to talk about some of the complications of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis that I have treated in recent years. As we know, the arteriovenous fistula is the lifeline of uremic patients and needs to be cared for, but the frequency of use of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis is very high, so some complications will inevitably occur, and once the complications occur, if they are not dealt with in a timely or appropriate manner, the direct consequence is that the arteriovenous fistula is obsolete and requires surgery to establish a new arteriovenous fistula, and most uremic patients are not satisfied with the vascular conditions. Therefore, it is crucial to provide reasonable treatment for the complications of arteriovenous endovascular fistula. The common recent complications of arteriovenous endovascular fistula include acute postoperative thrombosis, arteriovenous anastomotic rupture and bleeding/pseudoaneurysm formation, acute cardiac insufficiency, incisional infection/graft infection, etc. The common causes of acute postoperative thrombosis include prolonged intraoperative block, distortion of the venous end due to inadequate anastomotic technique, anastomotic stenosis, narrowing or occlusion of the distal venous outflow tract, and hypercoagulability of the patient. Therefore, the technique of anastomosis is very important, although the anastomosis technique of arteriovenous endovascular fistula belongs to the most commonly used anastomosis technique in vascular surgery, but there is indeed a difference in the degree of proficiency, unskilled technique may lead to surgery time up to several hours, the author has witnessed up to 7 hours of arteriovenous endovascular fistula surgery, so skilled anastomosis technique can not only greatly shorten the operation time, but also can effectively avoid the anastomosis technique due to Once the anastomosis technique is skilled, the surgery can be shortened to a few minutes, and the average time for the author to complete an arteriovenous fistula is about 40 minutes. For patients with stenosis or occlusion of the distal venous outflow tract, the most important thing is preoperative screening, whether the patient has a previous history of internal jugular vein placement, whether there is a history of deep vein thrombosis in the affected limb, and whether physical examination is preferred to color ultrasound, which can clarify whether there is stenosis or occlusion of the axillary vein or subclavian vein, but it should be noted that if color ultrasound does not reveal abnormalities and there is a high clinical suspicion of venous outflow tract problems However, it should be noted that if the color ultrasound does not reveal any abnormality and there is a high clinical suspicion of venous outflow tract problems, angiography should be performed because it is the gold standard to determine whether the venous outflow tract is normal. If there is stenosis or occlusion of the distal outflow tract of the arteriovenous fistula, the success of the procedure is very slim. During the procedure, if the anastomosis is completed and the venous outflow tract is found to be pulsating without fibrillation, most of the problems are with the outflow tract. Acute cardiac insufficiency is also a common recent complication of arteriovenous endovascular fistula, because after the endovascular fistula surgery, part of the arterial blood returns to the heart directly through the vein without going through the capillary network, the return blood flow to the heart will increase, and the cardiac load will increase accordingly, which will not be a problem for patients with normal cardiac function, but if acute cardiac insufficiency or critical state exists before surgery, such complications are likely to occur after surgery. Therefore, preoperative cardiac evaluation is very important and can be based on a combination of clinical symptoms and cardiac ultrasound, and if such complications occur postoperatively, the arteriovenous fistula will need to be re-ligated. Incisional infections are rare in autologous arteriovenous fistulas and can be treated according to the basic principles of surgical infection. Graft infection mainly refers to the infection of arteriovenous endovascular fistulae created with artificial vessels, and this complication is extremely difficult to deal with, because once the artificial vessel graft is infected, it is difficult to be cured by simple antimicrobial treatment, and most patients need surgical removal of the artificial vessel graft. Therefore, prevention is more important than treatment.