Spring is the season of many infectious diseases, people have experienced a long winter, when spring comes, the human internal environment is difficult to adapt to the external environment, the human body’s immunity is relatively low, germs, viruses and other disease-causing microorganisms take advantage of the opportunity to enter, invade the human body, especially prone to cause influenza, measles, chicken pox, rubella, influenza, mumps, hand, foot and mouth disease, human avian influenza, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases Epidemic, mainly through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, direct contact and other means of transmission.
Respiratory infectious diseases include epidemic meningitis, influenza, mumps, measles, rubella, chicken pox, etc. Common digestive tract infectious diseases include hand, foot and mouth disease, bacterial dysentery, acute enteritis, injuries, hepatitis A, etc. Most of the respiratory infectious sources are patients and pathogen carriers, whose pathogens are mainly infected through air, droplets and other transmission routes. Digestive tract infections are mainly caused by infection through food, water, contact and other transmission routes. Direct contact is mainly indirect transmission through objects contaminated with pathogens.
Spring infectious disease prevention measures mainly include.
1.Study and understand the knowledge of health and disease prevention, and establish the awareness of infectious disease prevention.
2, vaccination, preventive vaccine is the best means to resist the occurrence of infectious diseases.
3, pay attention to the combination of work and rest, reasonable physical exercise, to enhance the body’s resistance.
4.In case of climate change, pay attention to increase or decrease clothes.
5.After the occurrence of cases, isolation and treatment should be carried out in a timely manner, and attention should be paid to disinfection work.
6.Open the windows to ventilate the air, and try to reduce the number of places with poor air circulation and crowded people.
7, pay attention to personal hygiene, develop good hygiene habits, wash your hands before and after meals, do not drink raw water, do not eat unclean food, and keep the “disease from the mouth”.
Influenza
Influenza is an acute respiratory tract infection caused by influenza virus, which is highly contagious. Influenza virus is divided into three types: A, B and C.
Transmission route: airborne droplets are the main means of direct transmission, but can also be indirectly transmitted through objects contaminated with the virus.
Main symptoms: fever, body aches, sore throat, cough and other symptoms.
Susceptible people: The population is generally susceptible to influenza, and there is a certain degree of immunity after the disease, but it is not maintained for a long time, and the virus keeps mutating, which can cause repeated infections.
Preventive measures: Influenza vaccination has been recognized by the international medical community as the most effective weapon against influenza. Because influenza viruses mutate rapidly, the type of epidemic usually varies from year to year. Therefore, it is important to get the latest influenza vaccination every year to achieve preventive effect. In addition, exercising, strengthening physical fitness, opening windows frequently during the flu season to keep indoor air fresh, and keeping elderly people and children out of crowded places as much as possible are also effective measures to prevent influenza.
Measles
Measles is an acute respiratory infection caused by the measles virus and occurs mainly in the winter and spring. More than 90% of those who have not been vaccinated against measles will develop the disease after exposure, with the highest incidence in children aged 1-5 years.
Transmission: The patient is the only source of infection. Measles virus is present in the patient’s conjunctiva, nasal, oral, and pharyngeal secretions (such as tears, nasal discharge, and sputum) as well as in urine and blood.
Main symptoms: The incubation period of measles is 10-11 days. The symptoms start like a cold, but more serious symptoms such as red eyes, swollen eyelids, tearing, fear of light, sneezing and coughing appear at the same time. On day 4, a rose-colored papular rash begins to appear behind the ears, and within 2-3 days the rash spreads over the entire body, then recedes and flakes off. Other symptoms also gradually subside.
Susceptible population: The population is generally susceptible, mostly infants and young children, but in recent years there has been a tendency for the age of onset to shift back due to widespread vaccination against measles.
Preventive measures: Minimizing contact with patients and their families is the key to measles prevention. Do health care, get vaccinated against measles on time, circulate indoor air, go to public places less often during the epidemic season, and exercise to increase resistance to disease.
Chickenpox
Chickenpox is an acute infectious disease caused by varicella zoster virus. Most people with chickenpox are children between the ages of 1 and 14. It is most likely to occur and be prevalent in kindergartens and elementary schools. Although chickenpox is an acute infection, it is usually mild and does not cause serious complications.
Transmission: Chickenpox is mainly transmitted by droplets through the respiratory tract, and contact with dust, clothes, utensils, etc. contaminated by the virus may also be transmitted.
The main symptoms: chickenpox virus infection of the human body, after about 2 weeks of incubation period, patients can appear headache, general malaise, fever, decreased appetite and other preliminary symptoms, followed by a characteristic red rash, then become papules, and then develop into blisters, often accompanied by itching, 1-2 days after the start of dry crust, lasting about a week scabs off. The rash is most frequent on the trunk, followed by the head and face, less on the extremities, and even less on the palms and soles of the feet.
Susceptible people: The population is generally susceptible. It is common in children between 2 and 10 years of age, and a single attack can result in a high level of immunity for life.
Preventive measures: Varicella vaccination is the most effective and economical preventive measure. It is also important that children do not go to crowded public places during epidemics and that windows are frequently opened for ventilation.
Rubella
Rubella is an acute respiratory infection caused by the rubella virus.
Transmission: The main source of infection is the patient and the child with congenital rubella. The virus is carried in the patient’s nasopharyngeal secretions (such as nasal snot and sputum), blood and urine, and is spread mainly by airborne droplets. Rubella virus can also infect the fetus through the placenta, and if a pregnant woman is infected with the disease during pregnancy, it can lead to fetal malformations.
Main symptoms: Low fever, mild inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, generalized red maculopapular rash and swollen lymph nodes behind the ears and occipital area are characteristic.
Susceptible groups: Prevalent in children aged 1-5 years, women of childbearing age; occasional infection in adults.
Preventive measures: Rubella prevention is different from measles, chickenpox and other rash infections, which should be targeted not only at children but also at women of childbearing age. The most reliable means of rubella prevention is rubella vaccination. During the spring rubella season, it is important to avoid contact with rubella patients by taking children to crowded places such as shopping malls and theaters. Pregnant women in particular should be careful to avoid infections that may affect the fetus. Keep windows open and air circulating indoors, increase outdoor activities, strengthen physical exercise, and practice personal hygiene.
Mumps
Mumps, also known as “mumps”, is an acute respiratory infection spread by droplets. It occurs easily in the winter and spring, mostly in children.
The patient is the only source of infection, mainly through droplet transmission, a few indirectly through utensils, highly contagious.
Main symptoms: Most of the disease has an acute onset, with fever, chills, headache, sore throat and other symptoms of general discomfort. One or both of the parotid glands under the ear are enlarged and painful, and it is more painful when chewing. Complications include meningitis, myocarditis, ovarian or testicular inflammation, etc. The entire course of the disease is about 7-12 days.
Susceptible population: Mostly children and adolescents aged 5 to 15 years. Lifelong immunity can be obtained after a single infection.
Preventive measures: isolate the patient until the swelling subsides. Mumps vaccination.
Epidemic encephalomyelitis
Epidemic encephalomyelitis, or rheumatoid encephalitis, is an acute respiratory infection caused by meningococcal bacteria.
Transmission: Most infections are spread by respiratory droplets.
Main symptoms: Initially manifested as upper respiratory tract infection, most patients have no obvious symptoms, then the patient suddenly chills, high fever temperature up to 40 ℃, headache, vomiting repeatedly, early bleeding spots or bruises on the skin, 1-2 days to develop meningitis, high fever persists, severe headache, frequent vomiting, accompanied by convulsions, and even coma.
Susceptible population: The population is generally susceptible. Children have a high incidence.
Preventive measures: Immunization is the main measure to prevent influenza, and the target group is children aged 1-15 years.
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD)
Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common infectious disease in children caused by a variety of intestinal viruses.
Transmission route: mainly through the gastrointestinal tract or respiratory droplets, but also through contact with the patient’s skin, mucous membrane herpes fluid and infection.
Main symptoms: Fever, maculopapular rash and herpes on the palms of hands and feet (the rash may be surrounded by redness), herpes and/or ulcers on the oral mucosa, and pain. Some patients may have cough, runny nose, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and headache. In a few patients, the disease is severe and can be complicated by encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, pneumonia, etc.
Susceptible groups: Infants and children are commonly affected, and infants and children under 3 years old are more likely to get it. Adults usually do not develop the disease after infection, but the virus can be transmitted to children.
Preventive measures: Wash your hands frequently, ventilate regularly, and avoid going to places where people gather and air circulation is poor during the epidemic. Children should go to a regular medical institution promptly if they develop symptoms.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza in humans
Human HPAI is an acute human infection caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus with respiratory tract damage as the main cause.
Transmission route: avian influenza is mainly spread through the air, the virus is spread with the blood of sick birds secretions, excretions and carcasses, organ tissues, drinking water and the environment, as well as clothing, eggs, etc., causing environmental pollution, and can also be infected through the digestive tract and skin wounds.
Main symptoms: The incubation period of human avian influenza is generally 1-7 days, the early symptoms appear similar to the general influenza, mainly fever, runny nose, sore throat, cough, etc., the body temperature can reach more than 39 ℃, accompanied by generalized aches and pains, some patients may have nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, conjunctivitis.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, commonly known as “consumption”, is a chronic systemic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis mainly transmitted through the respiratory tract.
Transmission: Active patients with bacillary (i.e. sputum smear positive or sputum culture positive) TB are the main source of infection; TB is transmitted by respiratory, gastrointestinal and skin mucosal contact, but mainly through the respiratory tract.
Main symptoms: TB is mostly of slow onset, accompanied by long-term fatigue, low fever in the afternoon, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and menstrual disorders in women. Severe patients may have high fever, chills, chest pain, respiratory distress, and general failure. Patients with tuberculosis often have cough and sputum, and the sputum may be bloody. Mycobacterium tuberculosis invades the meninges, intestines, kidneys, bones, ovaries, uterus and other organs, and there may be headache, vomiting, impaired consciousness, wasting, alternating diarrhea and constipation, as well as hematuria, pusuria, splenomegaly, anemia and symptoms of gynecological diseases.
Susceptible people: The population is generally susceptible, but people who have close contact with TB patients; people whose organism is weak against TB bacilli, such as young children, the elderly, malnourished, pneumoconiosis, diabetic patients, HIV-positive or AIDS patients, are the key groups.
Preventive measures: First of all, we should improve our immunity, strengthen exercise and ensure adequate nutrition. For infants and young children, they should receive BCG vaccination on time to obtain immunity. Secondly, attention should be paid to room ventilation and avoid close contact with patients with confirmed infectious TB. Again, underlying diseases such as diabetes, silicosis and whooping cough that can easily induce tuberculosis should be treated actively and effectively.
To prevent the spread of infectious diseases in spring.
More ventilation: Fresh air can remove excess moisture and dilute indoor pollutants. Windows should be opened regularly to keep the air circulating; let the sunlight come into the room because the ultraviolet rays in the sun have a sterilizing effect; vinegar can also be used to fumigate the room for disinfection.
Hand washing: Infectious disease patients’ respiratory secretions such as snot, sputum, droplets and excrement contain a large number of pathogens, which may be transmitted to healthy people through hand contact with secretions and excrement, so special emphasis is placed on hand hygiene.
Drink water often: especially in the dry climate, high dust content in the air, the human nasal mucosa is easily damaged, to drink more water, so that the nasal mucosa to keep moist, can effectively resist the invasion of viruses, but also conducive to the excretion of toxins in the body, purify the internal environment.
Supplementary nutrition: increase the intake of water and vitamins appropriately. Pay attention to supplement more fish, meat, eggs, milk and other foods with high nutritional value to enhance the immune function of the body; eat more fresh vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin C, which can neutralize toxins in the body, improve the ability to resist disease and strengthen resistance.
Reduce the stimulation of the respiratory tract: such as not smoking, not drinking alcohol, eating less spicy food to reduce the stimulation of the respiratory tract.
Avoid getting cold: When the body is cold, the respiratory tract vasoconstriction, blood supply decreases, local resistance decreases, and viruses can easily invade.
Insist on physical exercise and cold-resistant exercise: increase outdoor activities appropriately because exercise not only promotes blood circulation in the body and enhances cardiopulmonary function, but is also a very beneficial exercise for our respiratory system.
Pay attention to the regularity of life: ensure sufficient sleep. Irregular life tends to weaken the immune system; adequate sleep can eliminate fatigue, regulate various body functions and enhance immunity.
Strengthen personal hygiene and personal protection: pay attention to washing your hands and rinsing your mouth regularly, and do not touch your face, eyes, mouth and other parts with dirty hands. Try to stand in a place with clear air when you go out. Avoid going to crowded public places.
Early detection, early reporting and early treatment: When one or more respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough, difficulty in breathing and shortness of breath appear in yourself or others around you, go to the hospital and report to the relevant department in time, do not take it seriously, and do not take medicine indiscriminately by yourself, so as not to delay the diagnosis and treatment, i.e. delay yourself and possibly affect others.
Vaccination: Timely vaccination of people of appropriate age can effectively prevent many respiratory infections.
Avoid crowded places: The air quality in crowded places is poor and ventilation is inadequate, and there is a greater possibility of infectious diseases in crowded places, so try to avoid crowded places.