The relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases Periodontitis is a common disease of the human oral cavity. When periodontitis occurs, there is a large amount of bacteria on the tooth surface and periodontal pocket wall, making the epithelium of the periodontal pocket wall thinning and surface integrity is impaired, forming a vesicular ulcerated surface, the ulcerated area in the periodontal pocket of patients with moderate to severe periodontitis can be as high as 72cm2, which is equivalent to the area of an adult hand. With such a large area of broken skin on the human extremities or abdomen, people must have paid attention to it early and treated it actively. When there is a large buildup of bacteria on the surface of such a large breakdown within a periodontal pocket, daily chewing activities can allow bacteria and toxic products to enter the blood circulation, increasing the risk of systemic disease. Recent studies have shown that periodontitis has become a risk factor for a number of systemic diseases, directly threatening systemic health. Cardiovascular diseases Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease with a high prevalence of bacterial infection that not only acts directly on the cardiovascular system, but also induces an immune and inflammatory response throughout the host’s body. Periodontal disease endangers the heart and has been confirmed by numerous medical-scientific studies both domestically and internationally. According to data, the risk of heart disease is one times higher in patients with periodontal disease than in those with healthy gums, after excluding other susceptibility factors for heart disease. Researchers have also found fatty polysaccharides and toxins associated with dental disease-causing bacteria in the blood vessel walls of patients with coronary artery disease, and these substances have a strong destructive effect on the blood vessel walls, and people with periodontitis are 1.5 times more likely to have coronary artery disease and 2.1 times more likely to have a stroke than those with normal periodontal disease. A study showed a significant relationship between poor oral hygiene habits and cerebrovascular accidents. Elderly people who cannot live alone are five times more likely to have a cerebrovascular accident if they cannot clean their teeth once a year than those who have their teeth cleaned once a year. Diabetes Periodontitis is currently ranked as the sixth most common complication of diabetes. The relationship between periodontitis and diabetes is a two-way street, affecting each other. Patients with diabetes are more likely to develop periodontal disease than non-diabetic patients, with a high incidence of periodontal disease, severe and rapidly progressing lesions, and often associated with gum abscesses and periodontal abscesses; patients with periodontitis have a higher rate of diabetes than healthy periodontal patients, and their blood glucose is less easily controlled because periodontal infection affects endocrine metabolism, thereby affecting blood glucose control and increasing the risk of diabetic complications. Therefore, the control of periodontal infection must be considered for the control of diabetes, and the control of blood glucose is also an important prerequisite for achieving periodontal efficacy. Pregnancy Pregnant women with severe periodontitis are 7.5 times more likely to have preterm low birth weight babies than healthy periodontal women. Researchers hypothesize that periodontal disease is caused by an oral microbial infection, and that the bacteria from the pregnant woman’s mouth infect the amniotic fluid through blood transmission and the placenta, triggering a systemic inflammatory response that ultimately causes preterm birth. In addition, periodontal health can also be affected by the onset of puberty or the onset of menstruation in women because of female hormonal changes. Digestive system diseases Periodontitis left untreated for a long time can cause gradual destruction of the supporting tissues of the teeth, resorption of the alveolar bone, loosening of the teeth, and eventually tooth loss. The inability to chew food can directly cause indigestion and nutritional deficiencies, which can lead to ulcerative diseases of the digestive tract. Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is an important causative agent of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer, and is closely related to the development of gastric cancer. The oral cavity may be another aggregation site for Hp, and the detection rate of Hp in subgingival plaque is significantly higher than that of supragingival plaque. Some scholars found that Hp in the oral cavity remained after eradication of Hp in the stomach with drug therapy, suggesting that oral Hp may be a risk factor for gastroduodenal Hp reinfection and recurrence of gastrointestinal diseases. It was also found that the detection rate of plaque Hp in patients with periodontitis was significantly higher than that in healthy controls and also significantly higher than that in the gastritis group. The detection rate of subgingival plaque Hp was also significantly lower in patients with periodontitis after basic treatment than before treatment, thus reducing the likelihood of gastric disease. Respiratory disease Dental plaque, especially in patients with periodontitis, may be a host for respiratory pathogenic bacteria. Epidemiological surveys have shown that patients with chronic respiratory disease have significantly higher oral hygiene index values than those without disease. Multifactorial regression analysis of many factors such as age, race, gender, smoking status and oral hygiene index showed that the incidence of chronic respiratory disease was 1.3 times higher in those with poor oral hygiene than in those with good oral hygiene. Another 25-year longitudinal study analyzed smoking, alveolar bone height, age, education, and alcohol consumption by multifactorial regression and found that increased alveolar bone resorption increased the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition, periodontal disease is associated with respiratory infections, rheumatoid arthritis, and other systemic diseases. The risk of systemic diseases in patients can be reduced by timely and effective periodontal treatment. In turn, systemic diseases can affect the condition of periodontitis, the treatment process and the outcome of treatment. Patients with hypertension and diabetes should control their blood pressure and blood sugar within a certain range before undergoing periodontal systemic treatment; patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular accidents should not undergo complex periodontal systemic treatment within six months; those with a history of blood disorders and infectious diseases should take the initiative to introduce their condition to the physician before treatment so that certain countermeasures can be taken to prevent accidents.