In 1989, the American physician Lichtenstein proposed the concept of “tension-free hernia repair surgery” in the American Journal of Surgery, this technique was rapidly applied internationally because of the advantages of fast postoperative recovery, light pain, low recurrence rate and easy operation of the patch material. In August 2001, the Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery Group of the Chinese Medical Association invited domestic experts to develop the “Surgical treatment plan for inguinal hernia, femoral hernia and abdominal surgical incisional hernia”. After two years of implementation, and after listening to various opinions and combining international experience in academic development, relevant domestic experts were again invited to adopt the 2003 revised draft in August 2003 on the basis of the first draft, the re-revised draft and the final discussion draft. The main differences between this draft and the 2001 draft are as follows: (1) the “Surgical treatment plan for inguinal hernia, femoral hernia and abdominal surgical incisional hernia” are set separately as “Surgical treatment plan for inguinal hernia and femoral hernia in adults (2003 revised draft)” and “Surgical treatment plan for abdominal surgical incisional hernia (draft)&rdquo rdquo; (2) the two surgical protocols made clear recommendations on disease typing and the writing of postoperative diagnostic names in medical documents; (3) the treatment opinion of laparoscopic repair was added to the surgical treatment of inguinal hernia; (4) three annexes were added after the treatment protocols, namely “Annex 1, Introduction to the surgical method of tension-free inguinal hernia repair (revised draft)&rdquo ;, “Annex 2, Brief description of several methods for patch repair of abdominal surgical incisional hernias”, “Annex 3, Hernia repair materials currently in use”. The two treatment options are briefly described together as follows. Inguinal herniaThe formation of inguinal hernia is influenced by a variety of factors, often related to increased intra-abdominal pressure, in addition to congenital factors. With the exception of incarcerated hernias, the diagnosis is based on a reversible swelling at the common site of onset. Adult hernia is not self-healing and surgery is the only effective treatment. over 100 years, inguinal hernia repair has undergone a long history with the emergence of the Bassini, McVay, Halsted and Shouldice surgeries. In the last 20 years, tension-free repair surgery has become the main procedure for inguinal hernia in developed countries. For this reason, the following recommendations are made for the surgical treatment of inguinal hernia and femoral hernia. I. Typing: Typing inguinal hernia according to the cause, location and clinical manifestations of the contents of the hernia facilitates the implementation of an individualized plan for hernia surgery and helps to judge the effect of using different surgical methods for different lesions. 1. Typing method: According to the size of the hernia ring defect, the firmness of the transverse abdominal fascia around the hernia ring and the integrity of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, inguinal hernias are divided into types I, II, III and IV. Type I: hernia ring defect≤1.5 cm (about 1 fingertip), tension in the transverse abdominal fascia around the ring, and integrity of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal; Type II: hernia ring defect with a maximum diameter of 1.5-3.0 cm (about 2 fingertips), the transverse abdominal fascia around the ring is present but thin and in reduced tension, and the posterior wall of the inguinal canal is incomplete; Type III: hernia ring defect≥3.0 cm (greater than two fingers), transverse abdominal fascia around the ring fascia or thin and non-tensile or atrophied, posterior wall of inguinal canal defective; type IV: recurrent hernia. If there is no tendon membrane and muscle tissue between the inferior edge of the transverse abdominal tendon arch and the superior edge of the inguinal ligament, i.e., within the superior half of the pubococcygeal foramen, it is considered as a structural defect of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. 2. Documentation format: inguinal hernia (left or right) type I (or II, III, IV), or inguinal straight hernia (left or right) type I (or II, III, IV). The requirements of surgery: modern hernia surgery should achieve less pain, shorter recovery time, lower recurrence rate and fewer complications after repair; and prevent the formation of a hernia at the base of the groin under the area of the primary hernia that has been repaired. The synthetic patch should be placed during the repair of a tension-free hernia, and the principles of strict asepsis, complete hemostasis of the operative field and fixation of the patch in place must be followed. In emergency surgery for incarcerated hernia, the use of synthetic patch technique is not advocated if the hernia contents are strangulated. In children with underdeveloped inguinal canal, the use of artificial patch technique is also not recommended. Type I: high ligation of the hernia sac and repair of the internal ring; flat-slice tension-free hernia repair (Lichtenstein procedure). Type II: hernia ring-filled tension-free hernia repair surgery; flat-slice tension-free hernia repair surgery; in the absence of artificial repair materials, Bassini surgery, McVay surgery and Shouldice surgery can be applied as options. Care should be taken to avoid excessive tension during suturing. Type III: hernia ring-filled anechoic hernia repair; flat anechoic hernia repair; double patch anechoic hernia repair; giant patch reinforced visceral sac surgery (Stoppa procedure); in the absence of artificial repair material, the use of own tissue or fascia may be considered, but there should be a reduction in tension. Type IV: hernia ring-filled tension-free hernia repair; double patch tension-free hernia repair; giant patch-reinforced visceral bursa surgery (Stoppa surgery). Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair surgery: mainly used for repair of straight and hiatal hernia, especially bilateral hernia and recurrent hernia. Laparoscopic repair should be used with caution in those who cannot tolerate general anesthesia, have a history of lower abdominal surgery, and huge complete scrotal hernias. For the Bassini, McVay, Halsted and Shouldice procedures, the application should be selected based on the experience of the surgeon, the patient’s condition and staging. Care should be taken to avoid excessive tension during suturing. 3. Perioperative management: In addition to routine preoperative examination, attention should be paid to checking heart, lung and kidney functions and blood glucose levels in elderly patients. Since elderly patients often have various medical diseases, their risk should be evaluated before surgery, especially for those with respiratory failure and hemodynamic instability, which should be treated actively before surgery. Patients with severe ascites should be treated with internal medicine first. Patients with prostatic hypertrophy, severe constipation, and chronic cough should be properly managed before surgery. The patient should be placed on the floor as soon as possible after surgery, depending on the patient’s condition, but postponement of surgery is recommended for patients with large defects and unstable medical conditions. As a prosthesis, prophylactic antibacterial medication is recommended in the perioperative period. Antibiotics are necessary for those at high risk of infection, such as chronic respiratory infections, diabetes, post-chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and the presence of other causes of immunocompromise. Femoral hernia For femoral hernia, early surgery is required after a definite diagnosis because of the high incidence of impaction. Tension-free hernia repair with a hernia ring-filling hernia repair is recommended, with a mesh plug placed in the femoral ring after retraction of the hernia sac, taking care not to damage the medial femoral vein when fixing the mesh plug. The superficial aspect of the mesh plug is no longer used. The choice of surgical approach after an incarcerated femoral hernia depends on the local infection. Incisional hernia of abdominal surgery is a common complication after abdominal surgery, with an incidence of about 2% to 11%, and its development is often associated with incisional infection, surgical malpractice, increased intra-abdominal pressure, and other systemic factors such as malnutrition, jaundice, obesity, and steroid hormone use. The diagnosis of a typical incisional hernia is easy, and ultrasound and CT are helpful in establishing the diagnosis and understanding the size of the defect. Abdominal surgical incisional hernias do not heal spontaneously and all require surgical treatment.