Talking about ectopic pregnancy

  Surgical record: the patient was supine on the operating table, routine aseptic operation, disinfection, cavity towel, after local anesthesia with 4% lidocaine, femoral artery puncture was performed 1 cm below the left inguinal ligament using the seldinger method, after successful puncture, a 5F catheter sheath was placed, a 5F uterine artery catheter was introduced through the sheath, the catheter tip was placed into the right uterine artery for DSA angiography, the right fallopian tube was seen The embryonic tissue in the region was stained and the gestational vascular mass was visible. After methotrexate 50 mg diluted to 50 ml was slowly injected through the arterial catheter, one gelatin sponge was cut into 1-1.5 mm fragments for uterine artery embolization, and the gestational vascular mass disappeared on re-imaging, the tube was withdrawn, and the puncture site was pressed for 15 minutes and then sterile gauze was applied to dress it.  Discussion: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is one of the common diseases in women of childbearing age, and the incidence of EP has increased two to three times in the last 20 years, accounting for nearly 2% of all pregnancies. It has been regarded as a high-risk early pregnancy complication because of its massive internal bleeding that can lead to maternal death. In recent years, there are several clinical treatments for EP as follows: conservative treatment: 1, oral mifepristone, etc. Mifepristone has a similar structure with progesterone, thus competing with progesterone receptors, causing the level of progesterone in the patient’s body to drop, and the embryonic tissue of ectopic pregnancy is not effectively supported by progesterone, thus causing necrosis of the progesterone-dependent fetal sac and miscarriage. Advantages, simple method, easy to perform, high acceptance rate. Low side effects. Disadvantages: narrow indications, only for small, unruptured gestational sacs.  MTX is an antimetabolic drug and a folic acid antagonist, which can interfere with DNA synthesis, inhibit trophoblast proliferation and cause their death, thus stopping the development of ectopic embryos. Advantages: simple method, easy to perform, high acceptance rate. Disadvantages:Narrow indications, only for small, unruptured gestational sacs, and large side effects, gastrointestinal reactions, oral ulcers.  Surgical treatment: 1. Tubectomy is performed under direct vision in open or laparoscopic view on the diseased side of the fallopian tube, with ligation of the blind end. Advantages: clean removal of the lesion. Disadvantages: large trauma, removal of the fallopian tube, not suitable for patients with fertility requirements.  2, tubal windowing, under open or laparoscopic direct vision, the fallopian tube at the lesion is cut open, the pregnancy sac is removed and the wound is sutured. Advantages: removal of the lesion, preservation of the fallopian tube, and low incidence of persistent ectopic pregnancy. Disadvantages: general anesthesia, relatively small trauma, damage to the fallopian tubes, and some impact on fertility.  Interventional treatment: 1, vascular, i.e. uterine artery perfusion embolization, local anesthesia, a 2 mm long incision at the root of the thigh, puncture through the femoral artery, insert the catheter super-selectively into the uterine artery, perfuse with methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, antibiotics, etc., and perform unilateral or bilateral embolization with gelatin sponge.  Indications:if there is a requirement for fertility, unruptured or post-rupture bleeding vital signs are still stable, ultrasound suggests that the mass is less than 6cm. 2. Non-vascular: It means that a special catheter is inserted into the affected fallopian tube via vagina, cervix and uterine cavity under the detection of X-ray, while methotrexate and other drugs are injected afterwards, so as to achieve the purpose of treating tubal pregnancy.  Indications: ① Unruptured tubal pregnancy.  ②Ruptured or miscarried tubal pregnancy without significant anemia and shock, with estimated internal bleeding <300 ml. ③Tubal pregnancy with severe medical disease and unwillingness to operate.  (iv) Mixed adnexal masses <5.0 cm in diameter and pelvic fluid dark areas <3 cm. In conclusion, interventional surgery for tubal pregnancy is a minimally invasive, safe and effective method that helps to restore the reproductive function. It has a wide range of indications and can spare patients with ectopic tubal pregnancy the pain of surgical incision, while preserving the integrity of the fallopian tubes, greatly reducing the incidence of infertility, and enabling patients with significant internal bleeding, even active internal bleeding, to receive conservative treatment.