Ulcerative colitis is a non-specific inflammatory disease that occurs in the colorectum. Ulcerative colitis is often referred to collectively with Crohn’s disease as inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcerative colitis is not uncommon in surgical practice and often requires a combination of medical and surgical treatment. In recent years, with the continuous improvement of basic research and various examination techniques, there has been a new understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Due to the improvement of diagnosis and treatment methods, the change in the concept of surgical treatment and the emergence of new surgical methods, many patients with ulcerative colitis have been promptly diagnosed and treated, and the quality of life after surgery has been significantly improved. However, the exact etiology of ulcerative colitis is not yet clear. In the treatment of ulcerative colitis, surgery is still required in 20-30% of patients. In traditional treatment, surgical treatment is often the final choice when medical treatment fails. In recent years, the treatment of ulcerative colitis has changed in concept, and the active use of surgical treatment in the early stage of the disease has achieved good therapeutic results, and the quality of life of patients has been greatly improved, and the cost of treatment has been reduced accordingly, and most patients have resumed normal work and life after surgery. However, this view has not yet been widely recognized by doctors and patients in China. At present, the recognized indications for surgery in ulcerative colitis include: 1, acute obstruction, massive bleeding, perforation, toxic megacolon and other complications require emergency surgery. 2, fulminant severe cases, ineffective after one week of medical treatment. 3.Chronic lesions, recurrent attacks, seriously affecting work and life. 4.The colon has become a fibrous narrow tube and lost its normal function. 5.Those who have cancerous lesions or mucosa has interstitial lesions. 6.Extra-intestinal complications, especially arthritis, are constantly aggravated. The surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis broadly includes the following four surgical procedures: 1. total colorectal resection, ileostomy The surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis began in 1931. At that time, the surgical mortality rate was high, especially for ileostomy. With the continuous improvement of ileostomy technique, total colorectal resection has been widely adopted in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. To date, this procedure is still the standard procedure for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. 2, colonic resection, ileo-rectal anastomosis was recorded at the beginning of the century, and Stanley first performed and recommended this procedure in the 1960s. Since then, the use of colectomy and ileo-rectal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis has been controversial. Theoretically, colectomy and ileo-rectal anastomosis avoids permanent ileostomy, is easier to perform, has fewer complications, and avoids the occurrence of pelvic vegetative nerve injury and a series of complications associated with perineal incision. However, some authors believe that the rectum itself has the potential for inflammatory lesions and cancer, and that surgery to preserve the rectum is inappropriate. There has also been controversy over temporary ileostomy. Most authors believe that temporary ileostomy should only be used as a temporary measure to reduce postoperative complications in some special cases and is not a routine procedure. Temporary ileostomy is indicated in certain extremely weak patients, severe malnutrition, high doses of immunosuppressive drugs and toxic colonic dilatation. In the 1960s, Nils Kock modified the traditional ileostomy and created the ileostomy with a restrictive ileostomy. 1969, Kock reported five cases of total colorectal resection with a restrictive ileostomy, and the effective valve successfully prevented the escape of feces and gas. However, some authors have performed the above procedure with poor results and many cases of valve slippage. 4, colorectal resection, ileal storage pouch-anal tube anastomosis In recent years, this procedure has become increasingly common around the world, and preserving the integrity of the anal sphincter is essential in this procedure. In order to prevent ulcerative colitis in the anal canal rectum and then cancer generally need to peel off all the anal canal mucosa. Most of the ileal storage bags are made by folding the end of the ileum in different forms to form a storage bag to increase the residence time of feces in the intestine. Several commonly used ileal pouches are S-, J-, H-, and W-shaped. The procedure is usually done in two stages and often requires a protective ileal diversion to ensure one-stage healing of the ileal pouch and the anal canal anastomosis. This protective stoma can be returned within weeks or months after surgery. One author reported that 91% of patients had controlled daytime bowel movements after colorectal resection and ileal pouch-anal tube anastomosis, while only 76% of patients had controlled nighttime bowel movements. Many patients have mild postoperative fecal incontinence, and approximately 2/3 of patients have protective padding in their underwear. This incontinence is mild and may diminish or even disappear over time. The prognosis of ulcerative colitis is influenced by a number of factors, depending on the type of disease, the presence of complications and the conditions of treatment. The criteria for recent cure are: basic disappearance of clinical symptoms; return of normal mucosa on colonoscopy; discontinuation of medication or maintenance doses only; and observation for 6 months without recurrence.