Post-traumatic epilepsy is epilepsy that occurs after cranial injury and is divided into early and late epilepsy depending on the time of onset. Early epilepsy is epilepsy that appears within 2 weeks after craniocerebral injury, and its onset is related to intracranial hematoma, depressed skull fracture, cerebral contusion, cerebral edema, reissue of blood after cranial surgery, or intracranial infection, etc. After passing through the above-mentioned conditions, seizures can disappear, so early epilepsy is not considered for surgical treatment. Late epilepsy is defined as epilepsy in which the first seizure occurs 2 weeks after the trauma. Although early post-traumatic epilepsy does not require surgical treatment, it suggests the possibility of late epilepsy occurring. The causes of late post-traumatic epilepsy are often associated with meningeal brain scarring, intracerebral cysts, cerebral penetrating malformations, brain abscesses, foreign bodies and fracture fragments, with meningeal brain scarring and intracerebral cysts being the most common. It is currently believed that late epilepsy has the potential to cure epilepsy in about 40-50% of patients after regular drug administration. Therefore, surgery is not always required for late post-traumatic epilepsy. We believe that the following conditions should be met for late post-traumatic epilepsy: 1. The diagnosis of late post-traumatic epilepsy is clear, and there is no significant effect of regular antiepileptic drugs for 2 years. 2. Clinical, imaging, EEG, PET-CT, intracranial electrode implantation and other examinations can clarify the epileptogenic zone. If the patient can still be controlled after regular medication, but the development as disabling seizures, affecting life safety, surgery can also be considered. Localization of the epileptogenic focus: The preoperative localization of the epileptogenic zone is quite important and plays a decisive role in the choice of surgical approach and postoperative outcome. First, the patient should have a clear history of trauma, and the imaging MRI should show corresponding post-traumatic softening foci, cysts, and other manifestations. If there is only a history of trauma and no change in imaging, the diagnosis of post-traumatic epilepsy cannot be easily made. Most patients have VEEG manifestations associated with the lesion, such that the epileptogenic zone is relatively simple to localize symptoms. If the VEEG shows diffuse or bilateral discharges on one side, PET-CT can be added, and then combined with the patient’s clinical presentation, the epileptogenic zone can be determined in most cases. If the epileptogenic zone is located in or near the functional area, intracranial electrode implantation should be performed to further define the epileptogenic zone and its relationship with the functional area. Currently, it is believed that the lesion itself is not discharging, and the epileptogenic zone is mostly 1-2 cm around the lesion, so surgical excision of the lesion and its surrounding epileptogenic zone can achieve better results.