Esophageal stricture or obstruction is a common complication of esophageal disease, which is divided into benign and malignant stricture or obstruction according to the nature of the disease. Interventional treatment is a new minimally invasive treatment technique developed in the past 20 years, which has basically replaced surgery as the first choice for esophageal stricture or obstruction treatment due to the advantages of less damage, less risk, repeated use and low cost. Depending on the materials and methods used, interventional treatment can be divided into strip angioplasty, balloon catheter angioplasty, and metal endoprosthesis. Because of the risk of esophageal perforation and recurrence of lesions, probes are now used only in a limited number of patients or infants or as an adjunct to balloon catheterization and metal endoprosthesis. There is a clinical consensus on the use of balloon catheterization for the treatment of benign esophageal strictures, but the long-term outcome is not satisfactory. Permanent metal endoprosthesis for malignant esophageal strictures or obstruction has also become a common technique for clinical palliative care. Temporary metal endoprosthesis for benign esophageal strictures is also becoming more accepted by clinicians. Permanent metal endoprosthesis for malignant esophageal stricture or obstruction is less invasive and is a good way to improve patients’ quality of life and prolong their life expectancy. 1. Indications. (1) Advanced esophageal cancer. (2) Esophageal cancer combined with esophagotracheal fistula or esophageal mediastinal fistula. (3) Lung cancer or mediastinal tumor compressing or invading the esophagus. (4) Esophageal stenosis due to tumor recurrence after radiotherapy or surgery for esophageal cancer or lung cancer. 2. Contraindications. (1) Severe malignancy. (2) Organ failure. (3) Uncontrollable hemorrhagic quality. 3. Preoperative preparation (1) Barium esophagogram and radiography to observe the site, length, and degree of stenosis of the lesion and to determine the body surface positioning or spinal vertebral body positioning. (2) Fasting and water fasting 4 hours before surgery. (3) Intramuscular injection of Valium 10mg and Intramuscular injection of 654-220mg 5 minutes before surgery.