Clinical audiological examination methods (a) pure tone audiometry 1, conventional pure tone audiometry: is a test of hearing sensitivity, standardized subjective behavioral response audiometry, including air-bone conduction hearing threshold test. It is the most basic and important hearing examination method in clinical practice. 2.Extended high frequency pure tone audiometry: to make up for the limitations of conventional pure tone audiometry language frequency, used for the early diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of noise deafness, senile deafness, drug intoxication deafness and other disorders. 3.Half-octave pure tone audiometry: Half-octave frequency test method can provide direct reference basis for the detection of early hearing damage in tinnitus patients with no abnormal hearing threshold by octave pure tone audiometry, and has positive significance for the early clinical detection of their potential cochlear lesions. 4. Glycerol test: 1.2ml/kg of body weight, diluted into 50% glycerol, was administered orally on an empty stomach before and 1h, 2h and 3h after taking glycerol respectively (1) pure tone audiometry: to record the change of air conduction hearing threshold in the affected ear (2) cochlea electrogram: to record the change of -SP/AP. The positive rate of glycerol test was the highest in Meniere’s disease at 2h. 5. Pediatric behavioral audiometry: including behavioral observation audiometry, visual reinforcement audiometry and play audiometry. It is suitable for assessing the subjective hearing status of children under 6 years old. (B) Evoked potentials 1.40Hz correlation potential: also known as 40Hz steady-state evoked potentials, to understand the residual hearing of deaf children, which is helpful for hearing aid selection and early language training; used for hearing assessment of sensorineural deaf patients who have not elicited ABR, pure tone high frequency hearing loss, ABR may not be elicited, while 40Hz at low frequency (500Hz,1k,2kHz) is close to the subjective hearing threshold. Especially for drug intoxication and noise deafness, 40Hz is superior to ABR; both ABR and 40Hz AERP are unresponsive, indicating severe hearing loss at each frequency 2. Otoacoustic emission: newborn hearing screening, often in conjunction with ABR, especially for premature and high-risk births, etc. The evoked otoacoustic emission positive rate for normal newborns is 100%. To understand the condition of the cochlea, any hearing loss caused by lesions involving the cochlea can cause a decrease or loss of otoacoustic emissions, which can help identify cochlear or postcochlear deafness, especially for Meniere’s disease, sudden deafness, audiological monitoring of auditory noxious factors and occupational disease protection, geriatric studies, auditory neuropathy, etc. 3. Multifrequency steady-state evoked potentials (ASSR): The exact name of multifrequency steady-state evoked potentials should be auditory steady-state response. It is called “multi-frequency” ASSR or “multi-frequency steady-state evoked potential”, which is able to collect brainstem potentials at the same time for several different frequencies of stimulation. It is used for newborn screening, hearing aid selection, and hearing disability identification. The multi-frequency steady-state evoked response is an object observation method with frequency characteristics, and the response results are stable in the sleep state, so that more comprehensive audiological information can be obtained. 4.Auditory brainstem evoked potential (ABR): ABR measurement can help to localize and diagnose the lesion from the auditory nerve to the auditory pathway of the brainstem. It helps in the objective assessment of hearing level. It has greater diagnostic significance for posterior snail lesions such as auditory neuroma. It can also be used for hearing screening of newborns, identification of pseudo-deafness, medical appraisal, etc. 5.Cochlear electrogram: In clinical application, microphone potential (cm), summation potential (sp) and auditory nerve complex action potential (cap) are usually called cochlear electrogram. Asymmetry in the vibration of the basilar membrane is the basis for sp. When water accumulation in the membranous vagus strengthens this asymmetry, sp increases. A sp/ap greater than or equal to 0.45 (or >=0.4) is generally considered abnormal and suggests membrane vagal edema. It is used for Meniere’s disease, retrocochlear hearing loss, sudden deafness, etc. (iii) Mandarin speech audiometry: Speech audiometry is referred to as speech audiometry, which is important in the diagnosis of otologic clinical diseases and in the assessment of speech discrimination ability. Speech is a very meaningful signal and tool. The main function of the human ear is to understand speech and thus exchange information, so it is more important to have normal hearing sensitivity than speech recognition ability, which is more in line with the actual needs of human activities. These tests include a sub-curve of speech recognition rate, 50dBnHL speech recognition rate on the average hearing threshold, speech perception threshold, speech recognition threshold, speech recognition threshold in noise environment, sentence recognition, environmental sound recognition, etc. They are used for pre- and post-operative evaluation of cochlear implants. (iv) Acoustic conductance test: including tympanogram, acoustic reflex, resonance, eustachian tube function and other tests. To understand middle ear pathology, such as tympanic ventricular fluid or adhesions, interruption of the auditory chain, fixation or bulbar constriction, otosclerosis, tympanosclerosis, tympanic membrane thickening, external otitis, etc., and to identify conductive or neurogenic deafness. (v) Acoustic reflex attenuation (i.e., acoustic reflex adaptation): continuous stimulation with pure tones of 500 and 1000 Hz at 10 dB above the reflex threshold for 10 s. The acoustic reflex contraction induced by normal individuals remains at a stable level without attenuation. Abnormal auditory adaptation in retrocochlear lesions, where the acoustic reflex attenuates quickly, and a 50% reduction in acoustic reflex amplitude within 5 s is considered positive. Negative indicates snail impairment and positive indicates postcochlear disease.