Antimicrobial drugs are the main means of preventing and treating infectious diseases. In the clinical application of antimicrobial drugs, excessive use and abuse have been prominent: according to a survey of 16 hospitals in Shanghai, prescriptions for antimicrobial drugs accounted for 24% of outpatient prescriptions and 40% of inpatient prescriptions. Many hospitals in China reported that clinical use of antimicrobial drugs for prophylaxis accounted for more than 50% of the total consumption, and only a very small number of them were indeed infections. The excessive use and abuse of antimicrobial agents, bacteria gradually have “immunity” to antimicrobial agents, which is commonly referred to as “bacterial resistance” problem is very prominent: according to the 2000 bacterial resistance monitoring data in Shanghai, methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus According to the data of bacterial resistance monitoring in Shanghai in 2000, methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci accounted for 64% of Staphylococcus aureus and 77% of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Most of these bacteria are resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, erythromycin, gentamicin and other commonly used antimicrobials, making treatment difficult. The strains of E. coli that are resistant to common piperacillin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin have reached more than 50%, and many Enterobacteriaceae are resistant to ceftazidime and other third-generation cephalosporins by 20% to 40%. The infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria are very difficult to treat and even endanger the lives of patients. In addition to physicians to pay attention to the rational application of antimicrobial agents, hospitals to strengthen the monitoring of drug-resistant strains of bacteria, early detection of new drug-resistant bacteria and the prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections, as a patient, to raise awareness of the use of antimicrobial agents is also very important. Antimicrobials should not be used casually. Some people take antimicrobials when they have a cold or cough. In fact, most colds are infected by viruses, and it is basically useless to use antimicrobials to deal with colds. Only when a person with a cold has symptoms such as yellow nose, yellow sputum, severe sore throat, swollen tonsils with pus spots, complications such as bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis media, tonsillitis, rheumatism, nephritis, and confirmed infection by Streptococcus hemolyticus, etc., do they need to be treated with the appropriate antibacterial agents. The principle of antimicrobial use is to use narrow-spectrum ones instead of broad-spectrum ones, to use low-grade ones instead of high-grade ones, and not to combine several kinds of antimicrobials if one can solve the problem. Generally speaking, an antimicrobial agent with few antimicrobial species is called narrow-spectrum, and those with many antimicrobial species are called broad-spectrum; clinically, the antimicrobial agent used in the early stage, with lower price, is called low-grade, while those developed and used in recent years with high price are called high-grade antimicrobial agents. In fact, narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum, low-grade and high-grade, are relative. Each antimicrobial agent has its own characteristics, and the key is to choose according to the disease and person. For example, erythromycin is an old antimicrobial agent, which is very cheap, but has quite good efficacy for Legionella and mycoplasma infections in pneumonia, while the expensive third-generation cephalosporins have little efficacy for these diseases instead. Some old drugs are more stable, and now people may be more sensitive instead of using them regularly. For example, cefradin, which has a history of more than 10 years, is still sensitive to common bacterial infections such as staphylococcus, with a resistance rate of only 4%. Fever caused by bacterial infection, after the temperature returns to normal and the main symptoms disappear after antimicrobial treatment, the antimicrobial agent should be stopped in time. Acute bacterial infections that are clearly diagnosed, after 72 hours of using a certain antimicrobial agent, the effect is not obvious or there is an aggravation of the disease, the bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test should be promptly changed to other sensitive drugs, you can not just change your own drugs to avoid producing drug-resistant strains. To prevent and reduce the toxic side effects of antimicrobials, pay attention to the dose and the course of treatment. Some people use antimicrobials when they are uncomfortable, and stop using them when they feel better. The consequence of this is that 80% to 90% of the germs are eliminated when the drug is used, and the residual germs may produce antibodies to the antimicrobial agent after stopping the drug, or even reproduce drug-resistant flora, and the effectiveness of the drug is greatly reduced when it is taken again in the future. In general, do not use antimicrobials, especially broad-spectrum antimicrobials, for the sake of prevention. Also avoid the topical use of penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycoside antibiotics, and do not dispense these antimicrobials as liquid to rinse the wound to avoid inducing the production of drug-resistant bacteria.