Acute tracheobronchitis is an acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial mucosa caused by infection, physical or chemical irritation or allergic reaction. It is often caused by viral and bacterial invasion of the lower whistle, and can also arise from acute upper whistle infections. Most occur in the cold season or sudden changes in climate, the main clinical manifestations of cough and cough sputum. Common causes are: 1, viral or bacterial infections: common causative bacteria are Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus, nocardia, etc.; 2, physical and chemical factors: acute irritation of the tracheobronchial mucosa by cold air, dust, irritant gases or fumes (such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, chlorine, etc.); 3, allergic reactions. Allergic inflammatory reactions to trachea-bronchi caused by inhalation of pollen, organic dust, fungal spores, etc., lung migration of hookworms or larvae of roundworms, allergy to bacterial proteins, etc. Clinical manifestations Usually the onset of the disease is acute, manifested as cough and sputum, first dry cough or a small amount of mucus sputum, later it may turn into mucopurulent, sputum volume increases, coughing intensifies, and occasionally blood in the sputum. If bronchial spasm occurs, shortness of breath, paroxysmal cough or tightness in the chest may occur in varying degrees. The cough and sputum may last for 2-3 weeks before disappearing, and may evolve into chronic bronchitis if it does not resolve. Systemic symptoms are usually mild and fever of about 38°C may be present, which mostly decreases to normal in 3-5 days. Physical examination lung auscultation can be normal whistling sounds in both lungs, but also scattered dry and wet rales. Routine blood tests: white blood cell count and classification are mostly not significantly changed. In bacterial infections, the total white blood cell count and neutrophil count may be increased. The sputum smear or culture may reveal pathogenic bacteria. x-ray chest film is mostly normal or with thickened lung texture. Treatment The principles of treatment are infection control, expectoration, cough suppression, wheezing, antipyretic and analgesic and supportive treatment. 1, general treatment: light diet, drink more water, proper rest, avoid triggering factors and inhalation of allergens. Keep indoor air circulation and fresh air, prevent cold and flu, exercise to enhance the body’s resistance to disease. 2, antibacterial drugs: select antibacterial drugs according to the pathogens and drug sensitivity test. Generally start treatment with the lack of pathogenic bacteria results, macrolides, penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, etc. can be used. The route of medication depends on the condition, the milder ones can be taken orally, the more serious ones can be given intramuscularly or intravenously. 3. Symptomatic treatment: antipyretic and analgesic drugs such as compound aspirin can be applied in case of fever and headache; expectorants such as ammonium chloride combination, bromohexine and aminobromine hydrochloride can be used in case of cough with sputum and not easy to cough up; dextromethorphan, pentoxifylline (coughing) and codeine can be used in case of severe cough without sputum; wheezing drugs such as theophylline and β2-adrenoceptor agonists can be used in case of bronchospasm.