1. What skeletal abnormalities are Turner girls prone to? Most of the Turner girls I saw in the clinic did not come for Turner syndrome, but for height problems, which shows how common short stature is among the skeletal abnormalities of Turner syndrome. What other skeletal abnormalities do Turner girls have besides the height problem that has already been described here? Some of the more common ones are short neck, elbow valgus, knee valgus and short fourth metacarpal. Disproportionate growth causes many Turner girls to have short limbs, wide torsos, and relatively large hands and feet. Turner girls are also 10-20% more likely than the general population to have wedge-shaped vertebrae, scoliosis and kyphosis, and in severe cases, hunchback. These deformities can currently be corrected surgically, but fractures and osteoporosis are left up to the Turner girls. 2. What is osteoporosis? Nowadays, people lack exercise and proper diet, and osteoporosis is very common. However, the incidence of osteoporosis in Turner patients is still high in comparison, mainly because of the insufficient amount of calcium in the bones. Calcium is known to be the main substance that makes up bones and keeps them strong. If calcium levels are adequate, bones will grow to their maximum strength during childhood and adolescence, and will continue to grow stronger until the age of about 30. Without adequate calcium, bones do not reach their maximum strength and can sometimes be broken or fractured by a small trauma or even by no trauma at all. This is like the bones within the “pension insurance”, young calcium sufficient, exercise properly, when you are old bones to withstand the years of consumption, not to sneeze are fractures. 3, how to prevent osteoporosis? “Instead of taking calcium tablets after osteoporosis, you should put more thought into your daily diet and living. First of all, food, the Chinese Nutrition Association recommended daily calcium intake for adults is 1000g, while the survey found that most of the national diet contains only about 400g of calcium a day. Therefore, we need to properly increase our children’s daily diet, such as bone broth, shrimp, shells, milk, soy products, etc. The calcium content of chard and rape is also quite high. And favoring meat will promote urinary calcium loss, which will make bone loss. Secondly, we should also pay attention to vitamin D supplementation, because it is a good helper to promote calcium absorption, with it calcium can be absorbed by the body into the bones. Vitamin D is the easiest vitamin to obtain, as long as the body can produce itself in the sun. But now people prefer to “stay” indoors, greatly affecting the synthesis of vitamin D, so that the supplemental calcium and “bone” no supplement. If you have already gone out to the sun, why not do some exercise by the way? The muscle contraction and direct pull on the bones during exercise will help increase bone density. Therefore, proper exercise is also beneficial for the prevention of osteoporosis. Finally, to know whether there is osteoporosis, bone density test is needed, which is a test that needs to be done in Turner children at an early age. 4. Can estrogen supplementation make bones stronger? Estrogen therapy is needed in order to form strong bones that do not break easily. Estrogen plays an important role in bone homeostasis metabolism, and it promotes calcium absorption and deposition. Normally, the level of estrogen in women rises gradually with puberty and slowly decreases after menopause, which is one of the reasons why osteoporosis is so prevalent in menopausal women. Most Turner girls have low levels of estrogen, so estrogen therapy is usually given to aid pubertal development and is continued during the reproductive years. Studies have shown that estrogen supplementation therapy is effective in increasing bone density and reducing the incidence of fractures, and remains an effective drug currently used to combat postmenopausal bone loss.