Thyroid cancer is composed of several types of carcinomas with different biological behaviors as well as different pathological types. Their age of onset, growth rate, metastatic pathways and prognosis are obviously different, for example, the survival rate of papillary carcinoma is nearly 90% at 10 years after surgery, while undifferentiated carcinoma has a very short course and usually survives only a few months. The treatment of thyroid cancer involves surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, etc., but the main treatment is surgery. （Papillary adenocarcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 3/4 of all thyroid cancers. It is well differentiated and those with a diameter of less than 1 cm are called microscopic cancers. The disease is characterized by a tendency to develop cervical lymph node metastasis, and pulmonary metastasis can occur in advanced stages. Papillary adenocarcinoma can occur at any age and can develop in both men and women, but it is common in young and middle-aged women, with the peak age of onset being 20-40 years. If not treated in time, the cancer may invade the trachea, the recurrent laryngeal nerve, the common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein and other important adjacent organs, causing symptoms such as dyspnea and hoarseness, and significantly affecting the therapeutic effect. Surgery is preferred and should not be given up easily even for patients with advanced stage. Surgical options include thyroidectomy, enlarged thyroidectomy, combined radical thyroid cancer and palliative thyroid cancer resection, etc. Therapeutic cervical lymph node dissection is advocated, and prophylactic cervical lymph node dissection is not. Cervical lymph node dissection is mainly functional cervical lymph node dissection. Surgery focuses on complete removal of tumor and metastatic lymph nodes and protection of parathyroid glands and laryngeal nerve. There is endocrine therapy, i.e. thyroxine tablets 80-120 mg/day, which should be supplemented with endocrine therapy even after radical surgical treatment. Radiation therapy, which can be adjuvant in advanced patients. (2) Follicular carcinoma is a well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma with follicular structure as the main tissue feature, and together with papillary carcinoma, it is collectively referred to as differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Follicular carcinoma is mostly seen in middle-aged and elderly women aged 40-60 years old, with a long course, slow growth, clear border and envelope. Radical surgical treatment, supplemented by postoperative endocrine therapy and radiation therapy. (iii) Undifferentiated carcinoma is rare and highly malignant; mostly seen in elderly men with average age above 60 years; short course and extremely rapid development. The main manifestation is a mass in the anterior cervical region, which is hard and fixed, and the boundary is often unclear. Treatment is mainly radiotherapy, and surgery can be performed at very early stage of the disease. Most of the patients have lost the opportunity of active treatment at the time of initial diagnosis. （Medullary carcinoma is derived from parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, also known as parafollicular cell carcinoma or C-cell carcinoma. In addition to a thyroid mass and cervical lymph node metastasis like other thyroid cancers, medullary carcinoma has its own symptoms, such as chronic diarrhea (30%) and facial flushing; its serum calcitonin concentration may be significantly higher than normal, which is related to its secretory function (APUD tumor). Medullary carcinoma is a moderate malignant tumor that can occur at any age and has the same incidence rate in both sexes. Treatment is also based on radical surgery. The majority of thyroid cancers are differentiated thyroid cancers; there are significant differences in the development, treatment and prognosis of different pathological types of thyroid cancers; surgery is the main treatment; therapeutic cervical lymph node dissection is recommended, but not prophylactic cervical lymph node dissection; radiation therapy is the main adjuvant treatment; endocrine therapy is applicable to all thyroid cancers, and chemotherapy is generally not recommended. The treatment of thyroid cancer should also follow the principle of individualization.