Nephrotic syndrome is a group of syndromes caused by multiple kidney diseases with the following common clinical manifestations.
(1) massive proteinuria (urine protein amount greater than 3.5g/24h),
(2) Hypoproteinemia (serum albumin less than 30g/L), (3) High levels of edema (more than 3.5g/24h), and (4) Hypoproteinemia.
(3) high degree of swelling, (4) hyperlipidemia
(4) hyperlipidemia as a group of clinical manifestations of the syndrome.
(A) Dietary guidance
1, edema is a low salt diet, to 1 ~ 3g / d is appropriate, avoid spicy and acidic stimulating food.
2, high-quality protein diet, to 1g/kg/d is appropriate, such as eggs, milk, fish, lean meat, etc. are high-quality protein food.
3, low-fat diet, less than 40g / d is appropriate, less animal fats, more often vegetable oils.
4.High-calorie diet with 30~35kcal/kg/d is appropriate.
5.When high edema is accompanied by low urine, strictly limit the water intake to the previous day’s urine volume plus 500ml as the daily volume, and regularly monitor the weight.
(B) Medication guidance
1. The side effects of hormone include: full moon face, water and sodium retention, hypertension, increased blood sugar, increased urinary potassium excretion, muscle weakness, gastrointestinal ulcers, mental excitement, irritability and insomnia, decreased immunity and susceptibility to infection, osteoporosis, etc. Note when taking drugs: take them after meals, with drugs to protect the gastric mucosa, such as omeprazole, Nexium, Ranitidine, etc.; take them on time and according to the dose, do not change the dose or suddenly stop taking them; pay attention to oral and skin hygiene and dietary hygiene, keep warm and prevent infection.
2.Side effects of cytotoxic drugs (CTX): bone marrow suppression, causing a drop in white blood cells, platelets, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, hemorrhagic cystitis, etc. Drink more water in moderation when using the drug to avoid extravasation of the drug and observe the color of urine.
3. Side effects of cyclosporine: hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hyperuricemia, etc. Regularly test liver and kidney function during medication.
(C) Rest and activity
Bed rest with lower limbs elevated is required for systemic edema. Strengthen skin cleaning and protection; get up and move around after the condition improves, and exercise appropriately, such as more walks and morning exercises.
(IV) Rehabilitation guidance
1. Pay attention to rest, avoid getting cold, and prevent colds.
2, learn to self-test urine protein, and learn to observe the results: – urine color has not changed; + urine color shows milky white, but no crystalline particles; ++ urine with small white crystalline particles and uniform distribution; white flocculent or dense particles appear in the urine.
3. Be sure to take the medication on time and according to the dosage, and return to the hospital for regular review to avoid recurrence.