There are three main parameters in semen routine: sperm concentration, viability (generally only a and b grade sperm are looked at, these are forward-moving sperm and forward-moving ability is necessary for insemination) and sperm morphology. Sperm concentration requires >20 million/mL; sperm motility a ≥ 25% or a+b grade ≥ 50%, generally without looking at sperm viability (because sperm viability = a+b+c grade sperm); and normal morphology sperm ≥ 4%. Regarding morphology: the 3rd edition of the WHO manual normal morphology should account for more than 30%; the 4th edition of the WHO manual normal morphology as long as it accounts for more than 15%; the 5th edition of the WHO manual, normal morphology as long as it accounts for more than 4%, which is the same as the student examination, the teacher is difficult, the student examination score will become lower, by the same token, the morphology of the standards set more and more stringent, the patient morphology The morphology is mainly related to the probability of pregnancy, but not to the essence of the sperm (genetic material), just as there is no direct relationship between the appearance and the essence of a person, so you should not worry. The parameters of azoospermia are only to assess the probability of pregnancy, not the ability or inability to conceive, nor to predict the quality of the embryo, etc. The probability of pregnancy in azoospermia is 0. If there is sperm, there is a probability of pregnancy, but for male infertility patients, the worse the parameters of the semen routine are, the lower the probability of pregnancy. Oligozoospermia: Total sperm count <39X106/mL or sperm concentration <15X106/mL, but total sperm count should be given priority because total sperm count is better than sperm concentration. Oligospermia was subdivided into: mild oligospermia with sperm concentration ≥ 10,<15 × 106/ml; moderate oligospermia with sperm concentration ≥ 5,<10 × 106/ml; severe oligospermia with sperm concentration ≥ 1,<5 × 106/ml, extreme oligospermia <1 × 106/ml and cryptozoospermia (cryptozoospermia), where fresh semen preparation of No spermatozoa are present in the slide, but spermatozoa can be found in the centrifugal sediment mass (this criterion is according to the 5th edition of the WHO manual criteria). Weak spermatozoospermia (asthenozoospermia): the percentage of progressive motility (PR) is below the lower limit of the reference value. In mild asthenozoospermia, PR ≥ 20% and < 32%< span="">; in moderate asthenozoospermia, PR ≥ 10% and < 20%; in severe asthenozoospermia, PR ≥ 1% and < 10%< span=""> and in extreme asthenozoospermia, PR < 1%< span=""> (this criterion is according to the 5th edition of the WHO manual). oligoaasthenozoospermia: total sperm count or concentration and percentage of progressive motility (PR) are below the lower reference limit and priority should be given to total sperm count because it is better than sperm concentration (this criterion is based on the 5th edition of the WHO manual). The male partner should avoid smoking, drink less alcohol (less than a moderate amount of alcohol has little effect on fertility), stay away from radiation and harmful chemicals, do not take saunas, do not wear tight underwear for a long time (taking saunas or wearing tight underwear for a long time can increase the local temperature and inhibit sperm production, some data show that a fever of more than 39 degrees may inhibit sperm production for more than six months). Exercise and weight loss are also beneficial for fertility. Precautions, although not drugs and do not cost money, are also very important, such as smoking can affect the success rate of IVF, if the patient smokes, some famous fertility centers abroad generally do not give IVF. There are generally three treatment options for male infertility, medication, artificial insemination or IVF. With medication, if the goal is not achieved, artificial insemination is considered; if the goal is not achieved or artificial insemination cannot be done, IVF is considered. The treatment of all diseases is the same, and is based on the principle of moving from simple to complex and from non-invasive to invasive. It is not advisable to choose too high technology, because the higher the technology, the more human interventions, the more troublesome and costly; as long as the interventions, it is not the natural state, the more interventions, the further away from the natural state, then the higher the potential genetic risk. Preferred drug treatment: to understand the drug effect and drug treatment time of. (1) the role of drugs: the role of drugs to improve each parameter of the semen routine is to improve the probability of pregnancy; (2) drug treatment cycle: human spermatogenesis cycle is 70-74 days, about 3 months, so if you take empirical drug treatment, the course of treatment should be generally 1 to 2 spermatogenesis cycle, that is, 3 to 6 months, such as poor results, the need to consider assisted reproductive technology, rather than the unlimited use of more expensive spermatogenic drugs The medication should not be intermittent, because the spermatogenic cycle is continuous, so it is usually 1 month of medication and about 25 days of review. In the case of hypogonadotropic patients, the general duration of medication is 12 to 18 months. Artificial insemination: Artificial insemination is generally recommended for 3 to 6 consecutive cycles, and data shows that the cumulative success rate of 3 cycles of artificial insemination is about 20%. However, the woman needs to be evaluated to decide if she is suitable for this method of pregnancy assistance. IVF: (1) can do the first generation of IVF, not the second generation of IVF, because the higher the more money spent, the higher the risk, depending on the actual situation by the laboratory; (2) if the stage of IVF, generally women can only take more than 10 oocytes, ovulation promotion more, the woman is prone to super-ovulation, dangerous; if the woman’s ovaries do not function well, the number of oocytes taken is even less, for the number of these oocytes The number of sperm available to the male partner is generally sufficient, so there is no need to worry, no need to use a lot of drugs. The special rules for the treatment of severe oligospermia in this case require several retests of semen and abstinence for about 7 days; in cases where the sperm concentration is particularly low, sperm are often not found in the semen if the abstinence time is short. From there, the possibility of IVF, the risk of IVF, and whether testicular puncture should be done before IVF can be assessed. If one or more grade a, b or c sperm are found, with two such semen test results; or grade d sperm with a sperm concentration greater than 5 million/ml, then the procedure can proceed directly to IVF. If sufficient sperm cannot be found in the semen on the day of IVF, testicular retrieval is performed directly, but there is the same risk: the risk of not finding sufficient sperm on the day of egg retrieval, then the eggs are frozen. This is a matter of assessing whether there is a chance of IVF and assessing the risk. Regarding the risk assessment, if the patient undergoes 10 semen analyses, the risk is different if there is sperm every time and if there is sperm occasionally, so the protocol varies from person to person. If the semen is worse than the above, or if the patient is azoospermic, a testicular puncture is required to assess the need for sperm donor prior to entering IVF.