Vertigo is a very common clinical syndrome, and most people experience it in their lifetime. During the attack, the patient may feel a sense of tipping, swaying, or feeling that the surrounding objects are rotating violently, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, cold sweat, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and even frequent bowel movements. It seriously affects the quality of life of patients and increases their mental burden. Some patients with vertigo can cause psychological diseases such as anxiety and depression, or even physical symptoms such as deafness, tinnitus, dementia and limb paralysis, which can endanger their lives, because they fail to receive timely and effective diagnosis and treatment. So, what exactly is vertigo? What are the common clinical diseases of vertigo? How to get timely and effective diagnosis and treatment after getting vertigo? Definition and classification of vertigo Vertigo is a kind of kinetic or positional illusion caused by the impaired spatial orientation of the body, which involves many disciplines such as otology, neurology, cardiovascular medicine, spine, ophthalmology, psychology, etc. It is an interdisciplinary disease. Vertigo can be divided into true vertigo and pseudovertigo. True vertigo is caused by diseases of the eye, proprioception or vestibular system, with a distinct sensation of external objects or self rotation. It can be subdivided into ocular, proprioceptive disorders and vestibular vertigo due to different sites of damage. Pseudovertigo is mostly caused by systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, anemia, uremia, drug intoxication, endocrine disease and neurological disorders, etc. Almost all of them have symptoms of dizziness of varying severity. Let’s talk about several common clinical diseases of vertigo. 1.Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (otolithiasis) (1) Definition: Transient vertigo caused when the head is placed in a specific position, usually accompanied by nystagmus and easily fatigued. (2) The clinical characteristics of vertigo include: vertigo occurs when the patient gets up, lies down or turns over and other changes in head position; the duration of vertigo is usually less than 1 minute; the degree of vertigo can be mild or severe; it can disappear after a few minutes of rest in mild cases, but it is impossible to get up in severe cases. (3) Etiology: The cause of benign positional vertigo is still unclear, it may be idiopathic or secondary to aging changes in the vagus, trauma, ear disease, or insufficient blood supply to the inner ear. (4) Treatment: The treatment is mainly based on otolith repositioning, combined with psychological, pharmacological and vestibular practice. 2. Meniere’s disease (1) Definition: It is an inner ear disease of unknown cause, and the main pathological feature is the accumulation of water in the membrane vagus. (2) It is mostly seen in people under 50 years of age, but it can also develop in children. There is no significant difference in the incidence of both sexes. Patients with vertigo attacks: sudden onset of rotational vertigo lasting from tens of minutes to several hours, mostly accompanied by cochlear symptoms such as sensorineural hearing impairment, tinnitus and a feeling of fullness in the ear. Combined with the auxiliary examination, two or more typical manifestations are required to confirm the diagnosis. (3) For the treatment of Ménière’s disease: firstly, diet should be controlled, while vasodilators, osmotic activity agents, calcium antagonists, antihistamines, hormones, diuretics and other drugs should be given, and some recurrent and severe patients need to be treated surgically. 3. Posterior circulation ischemia (cerebral artery insufficiency) (1) Definition: It refers to transient ischemic attack and cerebral infarction of the vertebrobasilar system in the posterior circulation. (2) In the clinic, it is mostly seen in elderly patients with hypertension, diabetes and atherosclerosis. In addition to dizziness, patients may have numbness and weakness in the limbs or face, with neurological localization signs such as diplopia, confusion and abnormal gait. In the early stage of the disease, it is difficult to differentiate from inner ear diseases such as vestibular neuritis. Brain MRI, cerebral angiography and brainstem auditory nerve conduction pathway functional examination can help in diagnosis and differentiation. (3) Thrombolysis, antiplatelet aggregation, plaque stabilization and control of high-risk factors should be given after the diagnosis is clear. In conclusion, it can be seen that vertigo has complex etiology and various manifestations, and it is difficult to be treated systematically by a single department. Therefore, many patients with vertigo are transferred to outpatient clinics and wards of major hospitals, but still cannot get good treatment results.