Hematuria is one of the common symptoms of urological diseases, and different diseases causing hematuria have their own characteristics, the following is to talk about the characteristics and observation of their common urological diseases such as tumors, stones, injuries, tuberculosis, etc. causing hematuria. 1.Urological tumor: Urological tumor hematuria is mostly painless, with large bleeding volume and clot. In the early stage of the disease, hematuria is intermittent, and the duration and interval of hematuria are variable, and the interval is gradually shortened with the development of the disease, resulting in persistent hematuria. In 85% of kidney tumors, there is hematuria, and almost all bladder, renal pelvis and ureter tumors have hematuria. 2, urinary stones: Patients often have painful hematuria, microscopic hematuria is common, some patients also have carnal hematuria, mostly transient, not long-lasting, but can occur repeatedly. In the case of upper urinary tract stones, hematuria is often accompanied by colic and often occurs after strenuous exercise and physical labor, and decreases when quiet. 3, urinary tract tuberculosis: about 90% of patients have hematuria 70|~80% have carnal hematuria, hematuria is mostly terminal hematuria (from the bladder) or full hematuria (from the kidney, ureter or bladder). The duration of hematuria is variable and sometimes recurrent, and hematuria mostly coexists with pus urine and is mostly accompanied by urinary tract irritation symptoms. 4.Urinary tract injury: Hematuria occurs in the vast majority of cases, and can range from microscopic hematuria to massive carnal hematuria, and even cause hemorrhagic shock. The severity of hematuria in most cases can reflect the degree of injury. 5, urinary tract obstruction: Prostate enlargement or prostate cancer obstructive disease can also cause a large amount of hematuria. Among 74 cases of renal tumors, 54 cases of renal cancer, 5 cases of renal pelvis cancer, 13 cases of renal malignant tumor, 1 case each of renal lipoma and renal smooth muscle sarcoma were treated in our department, and the main symptom was hematuria. The majority of the 101 cases of urinary tract stones and renal urological tuberculosis cases had varying degrees of microscopic or carnal hematuria. Among the 466 patients with BPH, 47 of them had hematuria. In these cases of hematuria, the nursing staff played an important role in making the correct diagnosis of the different types of diseases because they cooperated with the physicians in carefully collecting and observing the amount of hematuria and according to the different characteristics of hematuria. During nursing care, we observe and record whether the patient’s hematuria is initial, final or complete. Whether the hematuria is intermittent or continuous, and record in detail the length and amount of intermittent time. The color of the hematuria is noted. If it is bright red, it is more likely to be seen in bladder and urethral lesions. Dark red hematuria is seen in kidney disease. Also note the presence of clots in the hematuria. Triangular and cone-shaped clots are seen in the hematuria of renal lesions. Hematuria due to ureteral lesions contains long stripes of clots, and the bladder is disc-shaped and fragile after discharge. The patient should also be asked whether it is painless, whether it is accompanied by urinary tract irritation, and whether there is renal colic to distinguish if it is urinary tuberculosis, tumor or stone. We should also be alert to pseudohematuria when the patient’s urine is red to the naked eye, such as during menstruation in female patients, or bleeding from other anal, hemorrhoid, or rectal diseases mixed into the urine. At the same time, we should pay attention to whether the patient has eaten beet, purple radish or take certain drugs such as rifampin, Sandoval, aminopyrine, etc. when the urine can be red, so we should not assume that it is hematuria when we see colored red urine, we should conduct urine cytology and question the patient in detail. In cases of urinary tract injury, especially kidney injury, it is very important to observe the hematuria closely, and we can judge the degree of injury according to the severity of the hematuria. We usually prepare 3 glass urine bottles and collect urine for 3 times respectively, when the 4th urine is discharged, the first bottle is emptied to keep 3 bottles of urine, and the 1st and 3rd bottles are observed to see if the hematuria gradually increases or decreases, if the hematuria gradually increases and the color is bright red, it means there is active bleeding, and the patient’s condition will determine if surgical treatment is needed. As the nurse cooperates with the doctor in the clinic to closely observe and record the different characteristics of hematuria, combined with other clinical examinations the correct diagnosis is made and in the majority of patients with hematuria.