Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune demyelinating disease involving the white matter of the central nervous system and is characterized by disseminated and multiple foci with a frequent course of remission and relapse. It is mostly seen in young adults, but in recent years cases in children have been reported. Due to the presence of multifocal demyelinating plaques in the brain and spinal cord, clinical manifestations often include dysfunction of multiple parts of the nervous system. Clinical manifestations: The age of onset is mostly 20 to 40 years old, with 3% to 5% of cases occurring in children under 10 years old. The onset of the disease can be acute or slow, and the onset of the disease is more acute in children. The first symptoms include loss of vision (monocular or binocular), diplopia or extraocular muscle paralysis, single or multiple limb paralysis, sensory abnormalities, ataxia, urinary and bowel disorders, and intellectual or emotional changes. Although the first symptoms of adult multiple sclerosis are similar to those of childhood multiple sclerosis, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and convulsions during the first attack may be unique to a few adolescent multiple sclerosis patients. The onset of multiple sclerosis often begins with a particular focal symptom, followed or accompanied by one or several symptoms that are not clearly related to the previous one, i.e., marking the presence of multiple foci within the central nervous system, thus manifesting the clinical features of the disease. The typical course of the disease is one of alternating remission and relapse. Each relapse leaves a new, permanent neurological impairment. The typical remission and relapse children account for 2/3 of the cases; a small number of children show benign type, that is, the number of attacks is small (1 to 2), the neurological damage is mild, and the recovery is almost complete; some other cases continue to progress without significant remission, called progressive type; a very small number of cases have an acute onset and rapid development, often dying within weeks or months of onset, called acute or malignant type. Examination: 1, cerebrospinal fluid examination: cell count is mildly elevated or normal, mainly lymphocytes; sugar and chloride are normal; protein is normal or mildly elevated; immunoglobulin may be increased in 70% to 90% of cases; cerebrospinal fluid IgG index is elevated; oligoclonal zone is positive; myelin basic protein antibodies may be measured in the relapse or deterioration period. 2. Electrophysiological examination: Most patients may have abnormal EEG, such as high amplitude slow waves, but it is not specific. Visual evoked potentials, brainstem evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials, if abnormal, can provide objective evidence of multiple subclinical lesions and help in the early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. 3.CT or MRI examination: CT or MRI examination can show demyelinating lesions in the white matter around the ventricles. MRI is considered the most sensitive technique for the diagnosis of cerebral white matter disease and is of great value for the early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. A group of children aged 3 to 15 years old found that the positive rate of CT was 42%, while the positive rate of MRI was 87%, and mostly showed multifocal damage. Diagnosis: 1. Clinical criteria for confirming the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: (1) 2 or more episodes, each lasting more than 24 hours. Clinical symptoms and signs suggest 2 or more lesion sites. (2) Two episodes with clinical manifestations of one lesion site and another with evidence of subclinical lesions, each lasting 24 hours or more. The duration of clinically confirmed multiple sclerosis is greater than 1 month, and the inter-episode period, i.e., the remission period, must be greater than 1 month. 2. Experimental support to confirm the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2 episodes, clinical symptoms and signs reflecting evidence of 1 lesion site or 1 subclinical lesion site, positive cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal zone band or increased IgG content, etc. Treatment: Primarily immunosuppressive therapy: e.g., corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, or plasma exchange therapy. Methylprednisolone shock therapy plus oral prednisone is the commonly used treatment regimen to reduce the incidence of conversion from optic neuritis to multiple sclerosis. High-dose gammaglobulin can also be tried, but is more expensive. At the same time, life care should be done well to avoid infection, fever, trauma, and overexertion, and bed rest should be taken during the acute period to reduce mental tension. Sports therapy can be performed during the recovery period to promote the recovery of neurological function.