HPV is a human papillomavirus with multiple genotypes, and HPV infection of different genotypes can lead to different clinical lesions. HPV is subdivided into high-risk and low-risk types based on biological characteristics and oncogenic potential. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV is associated with cervical cancer and its precancerous lesions. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus, and more than 200 different types of HPV have been identified and characterized so far, 54 of which can infect the mucosa of the genital tract, and about 20 of which are associated with tumors. Based on the risk of HPV type and cervical cancer, there are two major categories: low-risk HPV and high-risk HPV. Low-risk HPV types can cause the formation of genital warts, which are superfluous growths on or around the genital surface. The high-risk HPV types are HPV16, HPV18, HPV30, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV39, HPV45, HPV51, HPV52, HPV56, HPV58, HPV59, HPV66, HPV68, etc., especially HPV16 and HPV18. Persistent infection can cause genital warts, but more importantly, external genital cancer, cervical cancer and highly cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Therefore, regular screening for HPV is recommended for clinically active women starting at the age of 21. Those who are negative for both cytology (TCT) and high-risk HPV are at low risk of developing the disease, with a screening interval of 2 years, while those who are negative for cytology (TCT) and positive for high-risk HPV are at increased risk of developing the disease, with colposcopic biopsy performed if necessary to clarify whether cervical lesions have occurred. High-risk HPV infection is associated with cervical cancer and requires regular screening.