Hypertensive retinopathy is due to long-term persistent elevation of blood pressure, which causes small retinal arteries to spasm and thin, and the arteries in the fundus appear to be stenosis and sclerosis and other phenomena. Clinically, primary hypertensive retinopathy can be divided into four stages according to the development of the disease. Stage 1:Functional stenosis or mild sclerosis of the retinal arteries, mainly in the second and lower branches of the retina. Stage 2: The degree of sclerosis of the retinal arteries is more pronounced than that of stage 1, and the narrowing of the arteries is not uniform, and arteriovenous cross-tracing may occur. Stage 3:In addition to retinal arterial stenosis and sclerosis, there are retinal lesions such as hemorrhagic spots, hard white spots, cotton-wool spots, and retinal edema. Stage 4:On the basis of stage 3, optic papillary edema appears. The degree of fundus lesions mainly depends on the duration and severity of hypertension. If the blood pressure is well controlled, fundus hemorrhage, exudation and other lesions will gradually improve, but the effect is worse in the late stage. It is recommended to seek prompt medical attention for hypertensive fundopathy to prevent visual impairment.