There are three main treatments for hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease, including medical antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy, radioactive 131 iodine therapy, and surgical treatment. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? Internal ATD therapy is effective for mild hyperthyroidism, and the dosage can be adjusted in a timely manner during treatment. One of the disadvantages of ATD treatment is that it is easy to relapse when stopping or reducing the dosage. 131I treatment is easy and usually takes only one dose of 131I. 131I treatment does not cause any damage to liver, kidney function or hematopoietic function. One of the main disadvantages of 131I therapy is that hypothyroidism (commonly known as “hypothyroidism”) is likely to occur. However, hypothyroidism that occurs one year after 131I treatment (late-onset hypothyroidism) often requires longer or lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Surgical treatment usually involves subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism, which provides rapid relief of hyperthyroidism and is particularly suitable for patients with markedly enlarged thyroid glands with proptosis and hyperthyroidism with nodules, but has the disadvantage of being invasive; in some cases, it may result in surgical complications such as damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and hypoparathyroidism. Some patients still have recurrence of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism after surgery. At present, it is mainly used in patients with suspected hyperthyroidism combined with malignant changes and those who have failed the first two methods of treatment, and is less commonly used.