Prevention of calcium-containing urinary tract stones
1, increase fluid intake: daily fluid intake at 2.5-3 liters, so that the daily urine volume is maintained at 2-2.5 liters.
2, diet regulation: maintain a comprehensive balance of dietary nutrition and avoid excessive intake of one of the nutrients.
3, dietary calcium content: consume a diet with normal calcium content, limit the intake of animal protein and sodium salt. A normal range or appropriate degree of high calcium diet is of clinical therapeutic value in preventing recurrence of calcium-containing stones in the urinary tract.
4, limit the intake of oxalic acid in the diet: patients with calcium oxalate stones need to avoid the intake of foods rich in oxalic acid such as radish, amaranth, celery, lettuce, bamboo shoots, potatoes, soy products, cocoa, chocolate, black tea, lime, cola, beer, kale, almonds, peanuts, beets, parsley, spinach, rhubarb, etc.. The content of oxalic acid in spinach is the highest, calcium oxalate stones patients should pay more attention to avoid eating spinach.
5, limit the intake of sodium: the daily intake of sodium should be less than 2 grams.
6, limit the excessive intake of protein: the daily intake of animal protein should be limited to 150 grams. Patients with recurrent stones should not exceed 80 grams of protein intake per day.
7. Reduce body weight: maintain the body mass index BMI between 11 and 18 for patients with urinary stones.
8.Increase the intake of fruits and vegetables: increasing the intake of fruits and vegetables can prevent stone recurrence in patients with hypocitraturia.
9, increase coarse grains and fiber diet: rice bran can reduce urinary calcium excretion and lower the recurrence rate of urinary stones, but avoid oxalic acid-rich fiber foods such as wheat bran.
10, reduce the intake of vitamin C: vitamin C can generate oxalic acid after natural transformation. It is not advisable to eat more such as citrus, lemon, tomatoes, strawberries, etc.
11, limit the high purine diet: with high uric acid urea calcium oxalate stones patients should avoid a high purine diet, purine-rich foods: animal offal (liver and kidney), poultry skin, herring with skin, sardines, anchovies, etc..
12, vitamin B6: vitamin B6 is one of the coenzymes in the metabolic process of oxalic acid in the body, the lack of vitamin in the body can cause an increase in the excretion of oxalic acid. Large doses of vitamin B6 have a therapeutic effect on patients with primary hyperoxaluria.
13, Chinese herbs: Chinese herbs with certain preventive effect on calcium-containing stones include zedoary, fatty sea, money grass, corn husk and plantain core, etc.
Prevention of uric acid stones
1, drink a lot of water: keep the daily urine volume at least 2 liters.
2.Alkalinize the urine: take oral sodium potassium hydrogen citrate (Youlait), potassium citrate, sodium potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate.
3.Reduce the formation of uric acid: For those with increased blood uric acid or uric acid, take 300 mg of allopurinol orally every day.
4.Avoid high purine diet: the recommended daily intake of purine in food is less than 500 mg. Foods rich in purines are: animal offal (liver and kidney), poultry skin, herring with skin, sardines, anchovies, etc.
Prevention of infected stones (magnesium phosphate amine/apatite carbonate)
Stones should be removed surgically whenever possible. A low calcium and low phosphorus diet is recommended. Antibiotics are recommended for the treatment of infections according to drug sensitivity tests.
Prevention of cystine stones
Take care to drink plenty of water to increase the solubility of cystine and ensure that the daily urine volume is at least 3 liters. Take oral sodium potassium hydrogen citrate (Yolite) to alkalize the urine. Consume a low protein diet based on vegetables and grains and avoid excessive consumption of methionine-rich foods (soy, wheat, fish, meat, beans and mushrooms). Limit sodium intake to less than 2 grams per day as recommended. For urinary cystine higher than 3 mmol/24h, oral captopril or thioprostenol may be appropriate.