Pituitary adenoma, which should be called pituitary adenoma, is one of the three most common benign intracranial tumors, accounting for about 10-15% of intracranial tumors. Pituitary adenomas are tumors that grow from the anterior pituitary gland. Most of them have endocrine function and can present some endocrine symptoms. Pituitary adenomas may have clinical manifestations of one or several pituitary hormone hypersecretion. In addition, there may be different degrees of hypopituitarism caused by compression and destruction of normal pituitary tissues around the tumor, as well as the expansion of the tumor out of the saddle and compression of adjacent tissues and structures, which are the most common symptoms and are often the main reason for patients to seek medical attention. Hormone overproduction syndrome 1. Prolactinoma (PRL tumor): It is common in females, typically manifesting as amenorrhea, breast overflow and infertility. In men, the symptoms include loss of libido, impotence, breast development, and infertility. 2. Growth hormone adenoma (GH tumor): Excessive growth rate and gigantism may occur in immature patients. In adulthood, it is a manifestation of acromegaly. Adrenocorticotropic hormone tumor (ACTH tumor): clinical manifestations are centripetal obesity, full-moon face, buffalo’s back, polycythemia, purple skin lines, and increased fine hair. Some patients also have hypertension, diabetes, hypokalemia, osteoporosis, fracture, etc. 4. Thyrotropic hormone tumor (TSH tumor): rare, due to excessive secretion of thyrotropic hormone by the pituitary gland, causing hyperthyroidism. 5. Follicle stimulating hormone tumor/luteinizing hormone tumor (FSH/LH tumor): very rare, with hypogonadism, amenorrhea, infertility, and reduced sperm count. Decreased hormone secretion Excessive secretion of one hormone interferes with the secretion of other hormones, or the tumor compresses normal pituitary tissue and decreases hormone secretion, manifesting as secondary hypogonadism (most common), hypothyroidism (second most common), and hypoadrenocorticism. Headache: Because of the increased pressure in the saddle caused by the tumor, the pituitary dural sac and saddle septum are compressed, and most patients have headache, mainly in the forehead, retro-orbital and bilateral temporal areas, with different degrees of severity and intermittent attacks. 2.Visual acuity loss and visual field defect: the tumor develops upward and compresses the visual cross, most of them are temporal hemianopsia or bilateral temporal hemianopsia. 3.Cavernous sinus syndrome: The tumor develops laterally and compresses the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerve pairs, causing ptosis, extraocular muscle paralysis and diplopia. 4.Hypothalamic syndrome: tumor develops to the upper side and affects hypothalamus, which may lead to uremia, sleep abnormality, thermoregulation disorder, diet abnormality and personality change. 5. If the tumor destroys the saddle base, it may lead to cerebrospinal fluid nasal leakage. 6.Pituitary stroke: caused by hemorrhage and necrosis in the tumor. The onset of stroke is rapid, with severe headache and rapid visual loss of different degrees. In severe cases, the eyes can be blinded within a few hours, often accompanied by extraocular muscle paralysis, and there can be confusion, disorientation, neck straightening and even sudden coma.