With the improvement of people’s living standards and changes in diet structure, the incidence of gallstone disease is on the rise, and the types of bile duct stones are evolving from bile pigment stones caused by biliary inflammation to cholesterol stones caused by high fat and high protein, and the proportion of gallbladder stones is increasing while bile duct stones are decreasing. Women with a family history of gallstones, obesity, and women over 40 years of age are the most prevalent group of gallstones. 1, middle-aged and elderly people: middle-aged and elderly people are the most affected by gallstone disease, and women are twice as much as men. The middle-aged and elderly people generally have less movement, and the nerve function that controls the bile discharge from the biliary system is declining, so the contraction of the gallbladder and bile ducts is weakened, which can easily stagnate the bile and lead to the formation of stones due to the accumulation of cholesterol or bile pigments in it. 2, family history: epidemiological studies have found that the occurrence of cholelithiasis and genetics also have a close relationship. 3, people who often skip breakfast: due to long fasting time, bile is stored in the gallbladder for a long time to form stagnation, resulting in the deposition of cholesterol in the gallbladder, gradually forming stones. 4, sweet tooth: often eat sweets, excess sugar will stimulate the secretion of insulin, so that the synthesis of glycogen and fat increased, while cholesterol synthesis and accumulation also increased, resulting in increased cholesterol in the bile, easy to lead to gallstones. 5, high-fat diet: excessive consumption of fatty foods increases the bile pigment and cholesterol content and precipitation in the bile, gradually forming stones. 6, long-term vegetarians: the formation of stones is certainly related to excessive fat and high cholesterol, but it depends more on the solubility of cholesterol. In normal people, cholesterol is mixed with bile salts and lecithin in a certain ratio to be suspended in bile in the form of microcolloid particles, and when this ratio is destroyed, gallstones are formed. Some vegetarians do not consume enough lecithin, and the excess fiber in the vegetarian diet prevents the absorption of bile acids, causing the concentration of bile salts in the bile to decrease. Insufficient lecithin and bile salts lead to an imbalance in the ratio, resulting in the formation of stones. 7.Other: Certain hemolytic diseases or hepatic steatosis can also lead to gallbladder stones, but most of these stones are black stones. After most of the stomach is removed or the vagus nerve is cut, it can also delay the emptying of the gallbladder, which facilitates the formation of gallstones. Obese people who have lost weight and then regained their original shape are also at high risk of inducing gallstone disease. Patients with diabetes have twice as many gallstones as normal people. People with low thyroid function: poor thyroid function leads to a decrease in the body’s basal metabolic rate, which results in a corresponding weakening of digestive function, gallbladder and bile duct contraction, causing bile outflow to become slower, stagnant and concentrated and precipitated precipitation, thus causing stones. How to prevent biliary tract diseases? Yin Baobing told reporters that the prevention of biliary tract diseases, the establishment of good habits is the key, it is recommended to eat breakfast every day and regular diet, less high cholesterol food and animal offal, control the consumption of alcohol, it is appropriate to eat a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables. Those who are under pressure from social life and work should regulate themselves and maintain a good state of mind, and avoid staying up late and living irregularly. During the holidays, you should also follow the above habits, avoid overeating and uncontrolled diet. 1, regular diet is the best way to prevent gallstones, can not overeat or starve a hungry meal. Because a long time fasting gallbladder filled with bile, bile concentration stagnation, at this time easy to form bile sludge and cholesterol crystals. If you eat regularly on time, food stimulates the secretion of gallbladder contraction hormone, so that the gallbladder contraction, conducive to gallbladder emptying, when the sticky and a small amount of bile mud are discharged into the intestine to help digestion, can prevent the formation of gallstones. 2, advocate a full breakfast, do not eat breakfast, because overnight concentrated bile needs to be emptied to avoid the formation of cholesterol precipitation bile mud. 3, a reasonable diet structure, food should be meat and vegetarian, eat protein and fat to moderate, increase the fiber content of food, eat more coarse grains, and eat less cholesterol-rich food. Appropriate consumption of fiber-rich diet to improve the excretion of cholesterol, in addition to contain a small amount of fat food to promote bile secretion, conducive to the prevention of gallstones formation. 4.Treat some primary diseases that can cause gallbladder stones, such as hemolytic anemia and hepatic sclerosis, because these diseases tend to induce gallbladder bile pigment type stones, to prevent gallstones. 5, strengthen physical exercise, to change the long-term sedentary lifestyle, more exercise, sedentary does not move lead to excessive cholesterol, bile stasis, conducive to the formation of gallstones. Diligent exercise, proper exercise, can play a role in promoting bile discharge. 6, to develop good habits, a glass of water in the morning, drink eight glasses of water every day, is conducive to dilution, promote the drainage of bile. What should I do if I have an acute attack of cholecystitis? Yin Baobing reminded readers that the first thing you should do is to control fatty foods, not to eat and drink too much alcohol, but to eat more fiber and fruit. If symptoms such as bloating and discomfort appear, consider starvation therapy with one less meal or light fluids and oral choleretic drugs to avoid acute attacks and aggravation of the disease. It is generally believed that acute cholecystitis is caused by gallbladder stones obstructing the cystic duct, and if the stones fall into the common bile duct, it can cause cholangitis and pancreatitis; while larger stones often do not have obvious abdominal cramps, but can cause the manifestation of chronic cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is often associated with satiety, fatty food, fatigue and mental factors. Stones are embedded in the neck of the gallbladder or in the cystic duct, causing swelling of the gallbladder and preventing the discharge of concentrated bile. Most of the acute cholecystitis improves with symptomatic treatment such as anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic treatment, while some patients with swollen gallbladder inflammation that cannot be controlled with septic infection require emergency surgery. Emergency surgery is risky and has more complications, so for gallbladder stones with indications for surgery elective surgery is recommended after inflammation is controlled. So which gallbladder stones need surgery? 1.Recurrent right upper abdominal pain and distension. 2, Patients with 0, 2-10px fine stones in the gallbladder, because fine stones can easily fall into the common bile duct causing cholangitis and pancreatitis. 3.Patients with gallbladder stones >62,5px in diameter, huge stones can lead to gallbladder cancer if they rub for a long time. 4.Patients with full gallbladder stones, the function of gallbladder has been basically lost. For most patients who need surgery for gallbladder stones, laparoscopic removal of the gallbladder can be completed. Nowadays, with the mature development of laparoscopic technology and the reduction of surgical scars, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has developed from the initial four-hole technique to the conventional three-hole technique, and even reduced to single-hole in a few large hospitals, thus achieving scarless surgery, meeting the cosmetic effect pursued by female patients and fast recovery of patients after surgery. For patients with stones falling into the common bile duct combined with severe bile duct infection, with the mature application of minimally invasive technology, transduodenoscopic papillotomy for stone extraction or bile drainage only, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy with common bile duct exploration 7-10 days after surgery. Uninfected common bile duct stones can be removed directly by laparoscopic cholecystectomy plus choledochotomy due to its less trauma, faster recovery, less postoperative pain, surgical safety and fewer complications, but it requires higher technical requirements and solid laparoscopic and choledochoscopic skills. Due to the complexity of common bile duct stones, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging should be performed before surgery to fully understand the patient’s biliary anatomy and the location of stones. For patients with clear diagnosis and indication for surgery, laparoscopic surgery should be performed as early as possible, and for patients with acute attacks, surgery should be performed one to two months later after controlling the inflammation.