1.Definition of hemorrhoid: Hemorrhoid is a mass formed by pathological hypertrophy of the anal cushion, displacement and stagnation of blood flow in the perianal subcutaneous vascular plexus. 2. Classification of hemorrhoids: (1) Internal hemorrhoids: Displacement and pathological hypertrophy of the anal cushion. This includes dilatation of the vascular plexus, relaxation of the fibrous support structure, and fracture. (2) External hemorrhoids: refers to vascular external hemorrhoids. That is, the perianal subcutaneous vascular plexus is dilated and manifests as a raised soft mass. (3) Mixed hemorrhoids: internal hemorrhoids and external hemorrhoids of the corresponding area are fused. The clinical manifestations of hemorrhoids and the grading of internal hemorrhoids: (1) The grading and clinical manifestations of internal hemorrhoids. Ⅰ degree: blood in the stool, dripping blood or jet bleeding, no internal hemorrhoid prolapse, bleeding can stop on its own after the stool. Ⅱ degree: blood in stool, dripping or spraying bleeding, with internal hemorrhoid prolapse, can be self-retracted after stool. Degree Ⅲ: Blood or dripping blood in the stool, accompanied by prolapsed internal hemorrhoid or prolapsed internal hemorrhoid when standing for a long time, coughing, exertion, or weight-bearing, which needs to be retracted by hand. Ⅳ degree: internal hemorrhoid is prolapsed and cannot be retracted, internal hemorrhoid can be accompanied by strangulation and impaction. (2) Clinical manifestations of external hemorrhoids: anal discomfort, moist and unclean, may be accompanied by thrombosis and subcutaneous hematoma. (3) Clinical manifestations of mixed hemorrhoids: symptoms of internal and external hemorrhoids can exist simultaneously. 4.Diagnosis of hemorrhoids: Based on the medical history and anal physical examination, anorectal examination and anoscopy, make a diagnosis with reference to the classification of hemorrhoids and internal hemorrhoid grading. If there is slight suspicion, further examination should be done to exclude benign and malignant tumors and inflammatory diseases of the colon, rectum and anal canal. 5, hemorrhoids treatment principles: asymptomatic hemorrhoids do not need treatment. Symptomatic hemorrhoids are hemorrhoids and need to be treated. The aim of treatment is to reduce and eliminate the main symptoms, not to cure them. The symptoms of hemorrhoids are more meaningful than changing the size of the hemorrhoids and should be considered the standard of treatment effectiveness. General treatment should usually be used first. General treatment includes changing the diet, drinking more water, getting more dietary fiber, keeping the bowels open, preventing diarrhea, taking warm sitz baths, and keeping the perineum clean, which is necessary for all types of hemorrhoids. The doctor should use the treatment method that is most beneficial to the patient based on experience and equipment conditions. If general treatment is not effective, medication or surgery can be used. (1) Non-surgical treatment: It is mainly applicable to Ⅰ and Ⅱ degree internal hemorrhoids. It includes suppositories, ointments, oral medications, sclerotherapy injections and other treatments to protect the mucous membrane. (2) Surgical treatment: mainly applicable to Ⅲ and Ⅳ degree internal hemorrhoids, mixed hemorrhoids and non-surgical treatment including external hemorrhoid thrombosis or hematoma is ineffective. No matter what kind of surgery is used. Attention should be paid to avoid complications such as postoperative bleeding, anal stenosis, anal insufficiency and urinary retention.