1.Papillary thyroid cancer
Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of thyroid gland, accounting for 60%-70% of all thyroid cancers and is a low-grade malignant tumor. It occurs in young women. The ratio of male to female is 1:2.7. The number of patients increases after the age of 20, the most frequent after the age of 30-40, and decreases significantly after the age of 50. The tumor is usually solitary, a few are multiple, but the smallest can be a few millimeters, prone to cervical lymph node metastasis, but also can learn to metastasize to lung and bone.
Clinical manifestations: Patients have no conscious symptoms, and the cancer grows slowly, so it is usually diagnosed late, from the onset to the consultation can be as long as 10-30 years. Most of them lack obvious malignant manifestations, and more than half of them are misdiagnosed as benign. Most of the tumors are single, a few are multiple or bilateral. More than half of them are soft gelatinous hardness, only 1/4 are hard, irregular, with unclear edges, generally with good mobility, and some of the masses are poorly mobile. Smaller tumors can be less than 1 cm in diameter and are often difficult to palpate, with cervical lymph node metastases being the main complaint. Larger tumors can be more than 10 cm in diameter or larger, often with cystic changes, and are often misdiagnosed as thyroid cysts. In advanced stage, the tumor may involve the surrounding soft tissues or tracheal cartilage and fix the tumor, or involve the recurrent laryngeal nerve and cause hoarse voice. A few of them are combined with different degrees of dyspnea, swallowing discomfort and other symptoms.
Follicular adenocarcinoma of thyroid
It is less common than papillary adenocarcinoma, accounting for about 20% of thyroid adenocarcinoma and ranking the second. It develops rapidly and is a moderate malignant tumor, mostly migrating to lung and bone through blood.
Clinical manifestations: generally long duration of disease, slow growth, a few recent faster growth, often lack of obvious local malignant manifestations. The masses are several centimeters in diameter or larger, mostly solitary, a few can be multiple or bilateral in onset, solid, hard and tough, with unclear borders.
3.Undifferentiated thyroid cancer.
It is the most malignant type of thyroid cancer, accounting for 10-15% of all thyroid cancers, mostly seen in old and frail people.
Clinical manifestations: A long-term history of enlarged thyroid gland, rapid enlargement in the recent past, and local compression symptoms such as dyspnea, dysphagia, jugular vein anger, hoarseness, etc. are due to tumor compression or invasion of trachea, esophagus, jugular vein and laryngeal recurrent nerve. The pain in the neck, hard and fixed lump with unclear boundary.
4.Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Medullary thyroid carcinoma, also known as parafollicular cell carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that occurs in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland and is clinically rare. The onset of the disease is mainly sporadic, but a few are familial. It is a moderate malignant tumor with early lymphatic metastasis and can metastasize to the lung by blood.
Clinical manifestations: Most of them are isolated hard nodules, mostly solitary. Familial medullary carcinoma is mostly bilateral. Nodules may have mild pressure pain. It is usually slow. A few of them may develop rapidly and die within a short period of time. The tumor may invade the surrounding tissues, and corresponding compression and obstruction symptoms occur, such as difficulty in breathing and hoarse voice, etc.
5.Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid
It is very rare, accounting for about 1%-3% of thyroid cancer. It is common in elderly people.
Clinical manifestations: the thyroid gland has a history of enlargement and hard texture. Later on, the tumor grows rapidly and compresses or invades surrounding tissues, resulting in difficulty in breathing, difficulty in swallowing and hoarse voice.
6.Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the thyroid
It is a very rare cancer in the form of nodules. Since this type of cancer is so rare, the age of prevalence, gender and prognosis cannot be determined.
7.Malignant tumor of thyroid interstitial gland
(1) Malignant lymphoma of thyroid gland: the incidence rate is about 2% of that of thyroid cancer. It can occur in all ages, but is rare in childhood and is mainly seen in older women.
(2) Thyroid plasma cell neoplasm: very rare, often found in older women.
(3) Thyroid angiomyolipoma: slightly higher in men than in women, often metastasizing to the lungs, lymph nodes and bones, with metastases that bleed very easily.
(4) Fibroblastoma of the thyroid: very rare, commonly found in areas with a high incidence of goiter.
(5) thyroid bone tumor: very rare, mostly seen in adults, often metastasizing to the lung, liver or lymph nodes.