Retinopathy of prematurity, clinically referred to as ROP (retinopathy of prematurity), is a proliferative retinopathy that occurs in immature or low birth weight infants. ROP is a serious blinding eye disease and is the leading cause of childhood blindness in developed countries, and is also an important eye disease in children in China, although there are no epidemiological results yet. ROP is an important eye disease that causes blindness in children. With the great improvement in the care of premature infants in China, the survival rate of very low birth weight infants is increasing, and the incidence of ROP is also increasing. However, if early detection and timely treatment are achieved, ROP is a completely preventable disease. The main causes of ROP are prematurity and low birth weight, and the lower the weight, the higher the risk of ROP. The incidence of ROP is 68.5% with a birth weight of less than 1251 g, and 81.6% of preterm infants with a birth weight of less than 1000 g. Irregular oxygenation after birth is another risk factor for ROP. In 2004, the Ministry of Health of China issued guidelines for the treatment of preterm infants with oxygen and the prevention of ROP, which specify that preterm infants with clinical signs of respiratory distress need oxygen when the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) <50 mmHg or transcutaneous oxygen saturation (TcSO2) <85% during air inhalation, and the goal of oxygen therapy is to maintain PaO2 50 to 80 mmHg, or TcSO2 90% to 95%. Early detection of ROP depends on standardized screening. The current criteria for ROP screening guidelines in China are: preterm or low birth weight infants with birth weight less than 2000g and gestational weeks less than 34 weeks. Premature infants eligible for screening are initially screened from 4 weeks to 6 weeks after birth and then repeated every 1 or 2 weeks until the retinal vessels are fully developed. Screening needs to be done by a specially trained ophthalmologist. The former can show the retina at 130° with dilated pupil, so it is not easy to miss the lesion, but the disadvantage is that the peripheral image is blurred and it does not show the peripheral retinal lesion well; the indirect detector can observe the peripheral retinal lesion well under the scleral parietal pressure, so the two examination methods have complementary effects and the combined use can The combined use of the two methods can improve the detection rate of ROP and reduce the rate of leakage and misdiagnosis. Once the clinical manifestation of ROP is detected by screening, the screening time needs to be shortened according to the condition, and the condition needs to be treated promptly when it reaches the treatment standard. In 1984, the International ROP Association published an international clinical classification of ROP, which divides the clinical manifestations of ROP into five stages: Stage 1: a line of demarcation between the retinal vascular zone and the avascular zone; Stage 2: the line of demarcation develops into crest-like changes; Stage 3: fibrovascular tissue protrudes from the retina on the crest; Stage 4: incomplete retinal detachment occurs due to the pulling of fibrovascular tissue on the crest; Stage 5: total Retinal detachment. The presence of highly tortuous and dilated retinal vessels, especially in the posterior pole, is also known as Plus disease. The presence of additional disease means that the ROP is severe and progressing rapidly. If screening reveals stage 2 or 3 ROP with additional disease, prompt retinal laser photocoagulation is required. Adequate photocoagulation of the avascular area of the retina is required, and photocoagulation spots should be densely arranged. After laser treatment, weekly observation should be continued until the ROP subsides. In additional cases with severe lesions and rapid disease progression, including a small percentage of aggressive ROP (APROP), there are currently ocular anti-new blood vessel growth factor antibodies (Lucentis) available for clinical treatment. Intraocular injection of 0.025 ml (0.25 mg) of Lucentis has been observed to be effective and relatively safe for treatment. However, long-term follow-up observation is needed after treatment, and some cases require combined retinal laser photocoagulation therapy. In our clinical work, we often encounter children referred to us with ROP that has progressed to stage 4 or 5, i.e., retinal detachment has occurred, or even white reflections have appeared in the pupil area, completely missing the best time for ROP treatment. Once ROP has reached stage 5 retinal detachment, the prognosis for poor anatomy or visual acuity is 50%-70% or more, even if treated surgically. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize that physicians at all levels must pay attention to standardized screening and treatment routines for ROP and have the responsibility to clearly explain to the families of preterm infants the importance of early screening for ROP, fully emphasize the serious consequences of ROP occurrence, and avoid tragic childhood blindness due to ROP.