Obviously, the pediatric population is not a miniature version of the adult population and cannot be treated with the same standards and treatment as adults. The purpose of the preoperative evaluation is to obtain information about the current health status of the pediatric patient, is the examination adequate, and is the treatment optimized? I. “Who is the captain of the ship?” -Anesthesiologist 1. Review the medical history. 2.Meet the child preoperatively to obtain medical history, prior anesthesia and medication history, and assess the physical status for perioperative risks. Request further examination and consultation to determine preoperative medications and postoperative disposition. 3, Age-related anesthetic risks: risk of death during anesthesia in pediatric patients less than 10 years of age: 5/10,000, risk of death during anesthesia in pediatric patients less than 1 year of age: 43/10,000, and risk of cardiac arrest during anesthesia in pediatric patients less than 12 years of age: 4.7/10,000, of which 55% were infants less than 1 year of age. All risks are increased in infants less than 3 years of age. 4. Major risks: hemorrhage, laryngospasm, and complications of central venous catheterization. Most serious complications are death or long-term brain damage. Second, elective surgery: when and where 1. The greatest risk of outpatient surgery occurs in pediatric patients less than 1 year of age. 2. Preoperative evaluation includes medical history, physical examination, treatment history, allergy history, family history, and previous anesthesia. 3.Special reminder: If the pediatrician has recently taken medications such as herbs, use of natural remedies or any weight loss medications, vaccines, need to tell the health care provider, who can determine whether it is related to the choice of anesthesia medication. Preoperative diet: ASA recommended fasting time: 2 hours of clear liquids, 4 hours of breast milk, 6 hours of formula/solid diet, 8 hours of fat-containing meals. Fourth, the anesthesia risk when pediatric patients have upper respiratory tract infections: 1. General anesthesia risk is pulmonary atelectasis, hypoxia, bronchospasm, laryngospasm, pneumonia, etc.. Hypoxia in transit. 2, Preoperative confirmation, need to cancel the operation for 4-6 weeks. 3, asthmatic children need to use inhalers on the day of surgery. V. Those with cardiac murmurs without cardiac surgery Determine whether the murmur is extraneous or pathologic, assess hemodynamics, determine whether there is a risk of embolism, and dispose of the murmur postoperatively. VI. Other systemic diseases: diabetes mellitus, hemophilia, metabolic diseases, the effect of tumor radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and so on.