There are many causes of cirrhosis, viral hepatitis is the most common in China, while alcoholism is the most common in North America and Western Europe. The causes are briefly divided as follows: 1. Viral hepatitis: viral hepatitis B and viral hepatitis C can both develop into cirrhosis, called post-hepatitis cirrhosis. Acute or subacute hepatitis, such as a large number of hepatocyte necrosis and fibrosis, can directly evolve into cirrhosis, especially chronic active hepatitis; hepatitis A generally does not cause cirrhosis. 2, chronic alcoholism: alcoholic cirrhosis accounts for about 50% to 90% of all cirrhosis in Europe and the United States, while it is relatively rare in China. 3, chemical toxins or drugs: many chemical toxins or drugs can damage the liver, long-term or repeated exposure to industrial toxins, such as carbon tetrachloride, arsenic, chloroform, or the use of drugs such as isoniazid, methyldopa, tetracycline, aminomethyl disulfiram, etc., can produce toxic or drug hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis, and then develop into large nodular or small nodular cirrhosis. 4, malnutrition: simple malnutrition, especially protein, anti-lipid liver factors and B vitamin deficiency, can cause fatty liver, leading to hepatocyte necrosis, degeneration until cirrhosis. Also have malnutrition, can reduce the resistance of liver cells to pathogenic factors, and become an indirect cause of cirrhosis. 5, liver stasis: chronic congestive heart failure, chronic constrictive pericarditis and various causes of hepatic vein obstruction syndrome, can make the liver long-term stasis of blood and hypoxia, and lead to the central area of the liver lobules hepatocytes necrosis, atrophy and disappearance, collapse of the reticular scaffold and stellate fibrosis, called stasis of cirrhosis. 6.Hereditary and metabolic diseases: cirrhosis that gradually develops from liver lesions of hereditary and metabolic diseases is called metabolic cirrhosis. 7.Uncertain causes: The so-called unexplained cirrhosis is likely not a specific type, but a failure to identify its cause due to unknown medical history and difficulties in histopathological identification. Some of these cases may be related to occult jaundice type hepatitis. 8.Long-term biliary stasis: it can cause biliary cirrhosis, and there are two types, namely primary biliary cirrhosis (caused by obstruction of intrahepatic bile ducts); the other type is secondary biliary cirrhosis (caused by obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts). In adults, the obstruction is mostly caused by gallstones, strictures, cancer, chronic pancreatitis, etc. 9.Infection: Neonatal syphilis may cause cirrhosis. Schistosoma eggs may cause fibrous tissue hyperplasia in the portal duct area, and those with cirrhosis may be related to other pathogens. Malaria does not cause cirrhosis, if there is malnutrition and viral hepatitis and toxic factors may lead to cirrhosis. 10. Immune disorders: cirrhosis caused by lupus-like hepatitis. What is liver fibrosis? Liver fibrosis is an important factor that causes abnormal liver function and affects the prognosis of chronic liver disease, and is also a necessary stage in the development of chronic liver disease to cirrhosis. Its pathology is characterized by massive fibrous tissue proliferation in the confluent area without pseudobulbar and regenerative nodule formation, which can be reversed to normal. Immunopathologically, liver fibrosis is divided into: 1. Passive fibrosis: extensive hepatocellular necrosis occurs in the liver, with secondary scar collapse after necrosis and formation of connective tissue hyperplasia. 2, Active fibrosis: the liver appears to be infiltrated by lymphocyte-dominated cells, which occurs continuously and repeatedly, and the connective tissue gradually extends and divides the liver lobules.