As an emerging medical discipline, anorectal surgery has made breakthroughs in both basic and clinical aspects in recent years, with new basic theories and surgical methods emerging and some traditional surgical methods changing, making the field of anorectal surgery broadening, the difficulty of surgery increasing, the forbidden area of surgery breaking through, and the specialty of surgery becoming more and more obvious, making the connotation and extension of anorectal surgery undergoing profound changes. The surgery is becoming more and more specialized, so that the connotation and extension of anorectal surgery are undergoing profound changes. 1, internal hemorrhoids, external hemorrhoids, mixed hemorrhoids, anal fissure, perianal abscess, anal fistula and other common perianal diseases; 2, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and other inflammatory diseases of the large intestine; 3, colorectal cancer, colorectal polyps and other colorectal neoplastic diseases; 4, constipation, rectal protrusion, perineal descent, anal swelling, anal incontinence and other pelvic floor dysfunctional diseases; 5, perianal eczema, perianal inflammation, anal pruritus, condyloma acuminata, etc. perianal skin diseases and sexually transmitted diseases; 6, anorectal stenosis or atresia, congenital megacolon and other anorectal congenital anomalies; 7, hidden hair sinus, presacral cyst, teratoma, rectovaginal fistula, endometriosis and other rare diseases of anorectology;