What are the main manifestations of acute pancreatitis?

  (1) Abdominal pain is the main clinical symptom with severe abdominal pain. It starts in the middle and upper abdomen, but can also favor the right upper abdomen or left upper abdomen, radiating to the back; if the whole pancreas is involved, the pain radiates to the lower back in the form of a belt. Alcohol-induced pancreatitis often develops 12-48 hours after intoxication, with abdominal pain. Biliary pancreatitis often occurs after a full meal and abdominal pain.  (2) Nausea and vomiting are often associated with abdominal pain: vomiting is violent and frequent. The vomit is the contents of the gastroduodenum, occasionally with coffee-like contents.  (3) Abdominal distension: early reflex intestinal paralysis, in severe cases may be caused by stimulation of retroperitoneal cellulitis. The upper small intestine adjacent to the pancreas and the transverse colon are paralyzed and dilated. Abdominal distension is predominant in the upper abdomen. Abdominal distension is more pronounced in the presence of pneumoperitoneum: the patient stops defecating and passing gas. Bowel sounds are diminished or absent.  (4) Signs of peritonitis: In edematous pancreatitis, the pressure pain is limited to the upper abdomen, often without significant muscle tension. In hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis, the pressure pain is obvious, and there is muscle tension and rebound pain. The range is wider or extends to the whole abdomen.  (5) Other symptoms: Initially, the fever is often moderate, about 38 ℃. In combination with cholangitis, it may be accompanied by chills and high fever. In case of pancreatic necrosis with infection, hyperthermia is one of the main symptoms. Jaundice can be seen in biliary pancreatitis. Or due to compression of the common bile duct by the edematous pancreatic head.