Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is a condition in which the abdominal organs herniate into the thoracic cavity through a diaphragmatic defect due to a congenital defect in the development of the diaphragm. The common types of diaphragmatic hernia are postero-lateral diaphragmatic hernia and retrosternal hernia. The most common and serious congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborns is the postero-lateral diaphragmatic hernia, namely Bochdalek’s foramen hernia, also known as thoraco-abdominal hiatal hernia, with an incidence of about 1:2200-1:5000. 80%-85% of this type of diaphragmatic hernia occurs on the left side, most commonly when abdominal organs such as the stomach, small intestine, colon, spleen and left lobe of the liver herniate into the left side of the thoracic cavity, thereby compressing the lungs and causing partial or total pulmonary atelectasis. It is rare for kidneys and adrenal glands to herniate into the thoracic cavity. The child starts breathing after birth and swallows air into the gastrointestinal tract. The herniation of the gastrointestinal tract into the thoracic cavity increases the compression of the lungs, leading to hypoxia and respiratory distress, and the more the contents of the herniation, the more pronounced the respiratory distress, and some children need ventilator-assisted breathing at birth. The clinical manifestations of the disease are mainly respiratory symptoms. In severe cases, shortness of breath and cyanosis appear within a few hours after birth and are aggravated by crying and breastfeeding. Untimely and inappropriate management can lead to death of the child. Those with severe respiratory distress within 24 hours after birth have a poor prognosis. Clinical examination may reveal markedly reduced respiratory movements on the affected side of the chest, with apical pulsations shifting to the opposite side; bowel sounds may sometimes be heard on chest wall auscultation. When more abdominal organs enter the thoracic cavity, the child’s abdomen is atrophied and appears as a “boat-shaped abdomen”. With the improvement of medical equipment and technology, many congenital diaphragmatic hernias can be diagnosed prenatally. If the correct prenatal diagnosis is made, it can provide parents and medical personnel with important information, such as choosing to deliver in a hospital with both pediatric cardiothoracic surgery and obstetrics and gynecology (e.g., Shanxi Children’s Hospital, Shanxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital), so that the child can be given timely and appropriate treatment after delivery without delay. Surgery is indicated once the disease is diagnosed, and early surgery is beneficial in relieving pulmonary compression and relieving hypoxic symptoms. The survival of the child depends mainly on how well the lung function can meet the needs of the child after the compression is released. Posterior sternal hernia, also known as Morgagni’s hiatal hernia, is a diaphragmatic defect located behind the sternum and rib junction and is more common on the right side. It is often asymptomatic or with mild upper abdominal discomfort or pain and should be treated surgically once diagnosed. Regardless of the type, some patients with diaphragmatic hernias may be asymptomatic due to the small number of organs herniated into the thoracic cavity and may be detected occasionally during physical examination and radiographs.