The spine consists of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebrae. The disc-shaped structures between the vertebrae, called intervertebral discs, act as a cushion against gravity and external forces. It is surrounded by a dense fibrous ring. After degenerative changes of various parts of the lumbar intervertebral disc (including the nucleus pulposus, fibrous ring and cartilage plate), especially the nucleus pulposus, under the action of various factors, the fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc ruptures and the nucleus pulposus tissue protrudes (or exits) from the rupture in the posterior or spinal canal, resulting in irritation or compression of the adjacent spinal nerve roots, resulting in a series of back pain, numbness and pain in one or both lower extremities, etc. This results in a series of clinical symptoms such as back pain, numbness and pain in one or both lower limbs. Herniated discs often involve the cervical and lumbar spine, causing cervical disc herniation and lumbar disc herniation. The incidence of cervical and lumbar disc herniation has continued to rise in the population in recent years, and has now reached 15.2%, with a trend towards lower age. How to classify a herniated disc: 1, according to the number of protruding discs, there can be a protrusion and double (multiple) protrusion; 2, according to the degree of protrusion, there are bulging, protrusion, prolapse and free type; 3, according to the protrusion site, there are central type, lateral type and far lateral type; cervical spondylosis refers to the cervical spinal canal or intervertebral foramen deformation, narrowing, stimulation, compression of the cervical spinal cord, nerve Second, the pathogenesis: 1, mostly due to cervical disc degeneration, cervical spine osteophytes caused by long-term local muscle, ligament, joint capsule injury, can cause local hemorrhagic edema, inflammatory changes, gradually appear in the lesion site inflammatory mechanization, and the formation of osteophytes. Previously seen in the middle-aged and elderly, in recent years there is a tendency to younger; 2, bad posture is another major cause of cervical spine injury. Long hours of low work, lying in bed watching TV, reading, like high pillows, long hours of computer operation, violent rotation of the neck or head, sleeping in a moving car, these bad posture will make the neck muscles in a long-term fatigue state, prone to injury. In the past, it was an occupational disease of accountants and teachers, but now it is a common disease in offices. The degeneration of the intervertebral disc is the basic pathological change, which leads to a series of pathological changes: 1. Early dehydration of the cervical intervertebral disc, reduction of the water content of the nucleus pulposus and swelling of the fibers of the annulus fibrosus, followed by degeneration and even rupture. After the degeneration of the cervical disc, the resistance to compression and the resistance to pulling are reduced. Restricted or widespread bulging around can occur, narrowing the intervertebral disc space, overlapping and misaligned synapses, and the longitudinal diameter of the intervertebral foramen becomes smaller; 2, causing secondary intervertebral instability, increased intervertebral mobility and mild slippage of the vertebral body, followed by osteophytes of the posterior tuberosity, hook vertebral joint and vertebral plate, degeneration of the ligamentum flavum and collateral ligament, chondrogenesis and ossification, and other changes. The gap formed between the vertebral body and the protruding intervertebral disc and ligament tissue, due to the accumulation of tissue fluid, coupled with the bleeding shaped by microscopic injury, so that this bloody fluid mechanization and then calcification, ossification, so the formation of bone superfluous; 3, the laxity of the anterior and posterior ligaments of the vertebral body, and make the cervical vertebrae unstable, and increase the chance of trauma, so that the bone superfluous gradually increased. Together with the bulging fibrous ring, posterior longitudinal ligament and edema or fibrous scar tissue caused by the reaction to trauma, the bone superfluous forms a mixture of protrusion into the spinal canal at the equivalent of the intervertebral disc, which has a compressive effect on the cervical nerve or spinal cord. The bone flab of the hook vertebral joint may protrude from front to back into the intervertebral foramen to compress the nerve root and vertebral artery. What are the subtypes of cervical spondylosis: 1. neurogenic type The stimulation of cervical disc degenerative changes or osteophytes compresses the spinal nerve roots, causing sensory and motor dysfunction of the upper limbs, often manifesting as motor impairment or sensory numbness of one upper limb segment; 2. spinal cord type Cervical disc herniation, ligamentous hypertrophy and ossification or other causes of cervical spinal stenosis, spinal cord compression and ischemia, causing spinal cord conduction dysfunction The spinal cord conduction dysfunction is caused by compression and ischemia of the spinal cord. Some of them start with upper limbs and develop to lower limbs; some start with lower limbs and develop to upper limbs. The main manifestations are unstable walking, numbness of the limbs, and difficulty in urination and defecation; 3, vertebral artery type The stimulation of degenerative changes of the hook vertebral joint compresses the vertebral artery, resulting in inadequate blood supply to the vertebral basilar artery, often accompanied by symptoms such as dizziness and darkness, which are related to the rotation of the neck; 4, sympathetic nerve type The stimulation of degenerative changes of the cervical disc compresses the sympathetic nerve fibers in the neck, causing a series of reflex symptoms, which are relatively rare clinically. It is rare, and often mixed with cardiovascular disease, endocrine disease, etc., and difficult to identify. When the protruding nucleus pulposus and the proliferating bone compress the adjacent nerve roots or soft tissues and blood vessels, symptoms such as dizziness, pain and numbness will occur, and even worse, the spinal cord will be compressed, eventually causing lower limb paralysis.