With the improvement of people’s living standard and dietary structure, the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases is increasing year by year. Arteriosclerotic occlusive disease (ASO) of the lower extremities is the most common atherosclerotic disease, which can clinically produce symptoms such as coldness, numbness, pallor, and pain in the extremities, leading to gangrene or even life-threatening in the affected limbs. Since atherosclerosis is a systemic disease, patients with ASO are mostly combined with coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, renal artery stenosis, hypertension, diabetes and other concomitant diseases, which not only aggravates the disease but also increases the difficulty of treatment. The principle of treatment for lower limb ischemia is that efforts should be made to perform revascularization to restore blood flow to the tissues. However, in some patients, interventional and surgical treatment is often not possible because there is no satisfactory outflow tract in the distal artery of the occlusion, and the commonly used vasodilating drugs are difficult to reopen the occluded vessel, so they will face the possibility of amputation. According to TASC II, in patients with chronic severe ischemia of the lower extremity who lost the opportunity of revascularization or failed revascularization surgery, the amputation rate within 6 months of drug treatment was 40% and the death rate was 20%. To some extent, the prognosis of severe ischemia of the lower limbs is similar to that of certain malignant tumors. Stem cell technology, as one of the most advanced technologies in the 21st century, has been applied in clinical practice and has achieved better efficacy. Several medical units at home and abroad have reported the application of autologous stem cell transplantation for the treatment of lower limb ischemic diseases, and most of them have achieved the purpose of avoiding amputation or reducing the plane of amputation, and the cold and cool sensations have been improved to different degrees, which fully illustrates the feasibility of this technology. We have also achieved good results in patients with severe ischemia of the lower limbs who are unable to undergo intervention or surgical bypass. Recently, we successfully carried out autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation in collaboration with the Department of Hematology to treat a case of ASO. The patient, 85 years old, came to the hospital with intermittent claudication of the left lower extremity for 2 years and resting pain for 1 month. Physical examination revealed that the patient had coldness of the left lower extremity, loss of arterial pulsation, and a combination of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and a history of cerebral infarction 4 years ago. The CT examination showed that the arteries in the left lower limb were occluded and there was no condition for intervention or surgical revascularization. After careful discussion within the department and informed consent from the patient’s family, it was decided to perform autologous stem cell transplantation 1 week after admission to alleviate the symptoms and avoid the risk of amputation. The operation was successful and the old lady felt warmth and pain relief in her left lower limb after the operation, and was discharged from the hospital 1 week later to continue her recuperation at home. Stem cells are mainly found in the bone marrow hematopoietic center and are rarely found in the peripheral blood. Bone marrow has a variety of immature cells that can differentiate into hematopoietic cells and endothelial progenitor cells. Most patients with atherosclerosis-occlusive disease are elderly and often have a combination of multiple diseases, their bone marrow is poor in quality and quantity, and the content of stem cells is low. Therefore, recombinant human G-CSF can be used to stimulate the proliferation of stem cells in the bone marrow and release them into the peripheral blood. The stem cells are then isolated by a cell separator for autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, and the recent and long-term efficacy is still satisfactory as reported in the literature. Autologous stem cell transplantation is a simple, safe and effective method for treating lower limb ischemic diseases, especially for patients who cannot undergo intervention or vascular bypass due to poor distal arterial outflow tracts or who cannot tolerate surgery due to old age and frailty or other concomitant diseases. It is believed that with the continuous improvement of this technology, more and more patients will benefit from it.