There are two scenarios that you often encounter when you go to the clinic.
Scenario 1: More and more patients choose to have regular medical checkups, but after getting the health checkup test report, they are at a loss to judge the results and values in it! So they come to the doctor with the report.
Scenario 2: You are not feeling well, go for a checkup, easily come to the hospital, easily get a number, easily wait for the doctor, easily finish the bill, easily pay the fee, easily send the specimen, easily get the results …… doctor but off duty. Hold the examination report in hand, at once, an inexplicable anger “rub” on the head!
Take it easy, don’t be anxious! Today, we will talk to you about how to read the results of a routine urine test. This way, you can judge some simple results by yourself, and when you encounter complicated situations or places you are not sure about, then go to the appropriate doctor to explain or discuss, okay?
As the most important metabolic product of the human body, urine examination is easy, non-invasive and inexpensive. Even though it is a “routine” test, it can provide a lot of information about the body, reflecting not only the problems of the urinary system, but also The urine test is simple, invasive and inexpensive.
The routine urine report form varies from hospital to hospital, but is similar, so here is a brief introduction to the significance of each item, using our hospital’s routine urine report form as a template.
First, we will divide a report card into four areas.
Area 1: is the patient’s natural information at the time of the test, including the initial diagnosis. This diagnosis is the initial diagnosis made by the doctor at the time of the test and is not the same as your true or final diagnosis, and is subject to change. So you don’t have to get hung up on the name of the diagnosis on a lab slip. In addition, it should be noted that the urine specimen should generally be taken in the middle of the urine, that is, a small section of urine first before receiving the urine for testing, in order to exclude the possibility of contamination. In addition, women during menstruation urine test results are not accurate and need to be avoided. As for the time of delivery, if there are no special requirements, any period of urine can be, but it must be a fresh specimen immediately sent for testing in order not to have errors.
Area 2: is the specific items to be examined, including the appearance, chemical analysis and organic component analysis, and according to the method of analysis, it is divided into test strip method, quantitative instrumentation, manual microscopy and other aspects.
Area 3: is the most important, is the results of your specimen testing. You can compare it with the reference value in area 4 to see if it is normal or not.
In general, a (+) or abnormally high value means that there are unusual factors that require further determination of the cause of the disease. As for the meaning of each item, we can only give a very brief introduction this time, knowing that there are many possibilities behind any one abnormality, which often requires more precise judgment and further examination by the doctor.
Let’s look at the pictures one by one.
Acid-base concentration: related to dietary conditions, low for meat lovers and high for vegetarians. The presence of abnormal over-acid or over-alkaline means that there is a metabolic problem, or urinary tract infection, or gout, or drug effects.
Color: Usually they should all be light yellow, clearer when drinking more water, darker when drinking less water, but if there is red, teal, milky white, etc., you should pay high attention to it, many diseases can cause it, like tumors, liver disease, heavier urinary tract infections, celiac disease, etc. can cause changes in urine color. Especially in elderly people, if there is hematuria, you must first exclude urinary tumors, even if it is only once, you should not take it lightly.
Transparency: If it is not transparent, there is a problem, and it is usually accompanied by 2 color changes.
Urine specific gravity: the degree of individual variation is large, which reflects the concentration function of the kidneys.
Nitrites: “+” means infection, mostly Escherichia coli related.
Urine protein: some are physiological proteinuria, but a “+” mostly means abnormalities caused by kidney or systemic diseases, you need to do two things: first, do a 24-hour protein quantification test; second, see a nephrologist.
Bilirubin: When it is high, it makes the urine foamy. A “+” is usually closely related to jaundice.
Urine ketone bodies: “+” will appear if the specimen is not fresh, “+” will appear if the stomach is hungry for a long time, “+” will also appear in severe diabetes, see an endocrinologist.
Urine bilinogen: Mostly negative, but “+” in hemolysis or hepatocellular jaundice, still see a gastroenterologist.
Urine glucose: the first thing you need to do is to test for diabetes and go to an endocrinologist. However, there are some people who have normal blood sugar but abnormal urine glucose, which we call renal diabetes or stress diabetes.
The tests are both for white blood cells, but the test is different, one is a test paper and the other is a device. If it is “+” or the value exceeds the reference value, it is a urinary tract infection.
Both 14 and 14 are tests for red blood cells. A “+” is what is known as “hematuria,” and there are many reasons for this, which often leave urologists scratching their heads. However, the root cause must be carefully sought. As mentioned earlier, it is important to exclude the possibility of tumors causing hematuria, especially in the elderly.
Epithelial cells: These are cells shed from the kidney to the external urethra and are analyzed for specific causes.
Urinary tubular type: It is formed by urinary protein, and it is abnormal when it appears. As a result of various nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, find a nephrologist!
Urine bacteria: This goes without saying, right? Let the urologist help you get it right.
Urinary yeast: watch out for mold infection! To further do the middle urine bacterial fungal culture.
Urine crystals: severe gout, jaundice, oxalic acid stones can be seen in patients with specific causes.
This looks like a small routine urine test sheet really deep water! For the majority of patients, you must remember the following: choose the right specimen to send, pay attention to abnormal test results, and find the right specialist.