A discussion of the current high rate of caesarean section Caesarean section, a new mode of delivery, has saved the lives of countless mothers and babies and has made a great contribution to safeguarding human health and population regrowth. Nowadays, the mortality rate of cesarean section has decreased significantly due to the development of modern anesthesia, aseptic techniques, antibiotics and blood transfusion, as well as cesarean section itself [1]. However, while cesarean section has made a great contribution to mankind, it has also brought about many problems. The World Health Organization has stipulated that the cesarean rate must be less than 15%, but in China it is far higher than this standard, reaching 50%-70% in some regions of the country. In recent years, the rate of cesarean section in China is still on the rise year by year. Background of caesarean section 1. Concept and application of caesarean section Caesarean section refers to the surgical procedure of removing a fetus from the uterus through a surgical incision by incising the abdominal wall and uterine wall of the pregnant woman before or at full term of the fetus’ normal fertile period [1]. Caesarean section is required when vaginal delivery is not possible or when vaginal delivery may be dangerous for the mother or the newborn (fetus). Cesarean delivery has reduced to some extent the morbidity and mortality of mothers and infants in the perinatal period. However, there are still opinions that cesarean delivery is safer for pregnant women and fetuses, and even that it is beneficial for infant growth and development [2], and that natural delivery is painful while cesarean delivery is painless, so more mothers are willing to choose cesarean delivery, and for various reasons, the rate of cesarean delivery in China has been higher than that prescribed by the World Health Organization and has been on the rise. About 20 million babies are born each year in China, about half of which are delivered by cesarean section [3]. A sample survey conducted by the National Family Planning Commission showed that the rate of cesarean delivery has been increasing one after another in large, medium and small hospitals across the country in terms of the choice of delivery method. For example, the current rate of cesarean section in Shanghai is as high as 46.6%. The caesarean section rate in Wuhan was as high as more than 50% in 2004 and 2005, respectively [4]. Similarly our hospital has reached about 50% in recent years. However, cesarean section is only needed when vaginal delivery cannot be achieved or when delivery via vagina may be dangerous for the mother or the newborn (fetus), and there are not that many women who really need to undergo cesarean section. The specific conditions for which a cesarean section is indicated include: (1) fetal malposition, breech or transverse position; (2) abnormal or difficult deliveries such as megaloplasia; (3) third degree fecal contamination of amniotic fluid or intrauterine distress, fetal obstruction, etc.; (4) fetal estimated weight over 4,500 grams or less than 1,500 grams, where a cesarean section is safer; (5) when the cervix is not fully opened and the umbilical cord is prolapsed; (6) 35-year-old primigravida with fetal malposition or pelvic problems or pelvic problems; (7) pregnant women who have previously received permanent sutures for incomplete cervical atresia; (8) obstructed labor due to tumors in the birth canal or pelvic cavity; (9) pregnant women with cardiopulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes, or cancer; (10) multiple pregnancies; (11) repeated cesarean deliveries; (12) bleeding problems such as placenta praevia, early placental abruption, or uterine rupture. In conclusion, the indications for cesarean section are mostly obstructed labor), fetal malposition and fetal distress, and repetitive cesarean section [2]. 2, the good and bad of cesarean section Natural delivery is the process of delivering the fetus through the vagina. It is a natural physiological phenomenon. Firstly, with the rhythmic contraction of the uterus during labor, the fetal thorax is subjected to rhythmic contraction, and this rhythmic change causes the fetal lungs to rapidly produce a phospholipid called alveolar surface active substance, so that the alveoli of the baby after birth are sufficiently elastic and easily expandable to quickly establish spontaneous breathing. Secondly, during delivery, the fetus is squeezed by the birth canal, and the mucus and water in the respiratory tract are squeezed out, so that the number of babies suffering from “neonatal aspiration pneumonia” and “neonatal wet lung” after birth is relatively reduced. In addition, with the pressure on the fetal head during delivery, the blood flow slows down and the corresponding blood filling occurs, which excites the respiratory center and establishes a normal respiratory rhythm. It has been reported that vaginal delivery is beneficial for the future development of intelligence and respiratory tract of the child due to the compression of the brain and lungs by the birth canal. Caesarean section is the process of removing the fetus through an incision in the abdomen, which is not the safest way to deliver a fetus. It is not the safest way to deliver a fetus because it is not easily adaptable to sudden changes in the external environment due to the unextruded birth canal and is prone to neonatal asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia and cesarean section syndrome: including respiratory distress, cyanosis, vomiting, and pulmonary hyaline membrane. According to statistics, cesarean delivery is 2.5 times more dangerous for infants than vaginal delivery, the perinatal mortality rate of cesarean-born infants is 2 times higher than the total perinatal mortality rate, and the asphyxia rate of cesarean-born infants is 24.4%, which is 3 times higher than that of vaginal-born infants. In addition, the following injuries can often occur during cesarean section. 1. fracture (1) clavicle fracture: seen in children with inadequate delivery of the anterior shoulder, that is, the rush to lift the posterior shoulder, so that the anterior clavicle stuck in the upper edge of the uterine incision, resulting in fracture. (2) Femur or humerus fracture: Femur fracture is mostly seen in the breech position and is caused by the operator forcibly pulling the lower limb. Humerus fractures, on the other hand, are caused by the operator’s forced traction on the upper arm. (3) Skull fracture: Most often seen when the child has entered the deeper part of the pelvic inlet, or when the fetal position is abnormal and the operator exerts too much force on a part of the fetal head when delivering the head. 2. Soft tissue injury: When incising the uterus, the thin uterine wall or the operator exerts too much force, resulting in the instrument scratching the fetal previa.