Asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of the airways in the world today. In recent years, due to ecological changes and increased air pollution, the incidence of asthma is on the rise globally, especially among children, which is increasing rapidly. In New Zealand, about 30% of children suffer from asthma, while the local asthma rate in Singapore is about 12%, and the rate of asthma among children in China is also increasing year by year. In China, the incidence of childhood asthma has now reached 0.5%-2%, with individual areas as high as 5%, and even in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and other developed countries, the prevalence and mortality rates have increased. Therefore, asthma has become a serious public health problem and is deeply troubling people, causing great concern in countries all over the world. However, according to the survey, nearly half of the children with asthma only have a cough and no obvious asthma attacks, which can be easily misdiagnosed as “cold” or “bronchitis”. Next, we will introduce the symptoms of pediatric asthma. 1.Onset of attack and early manifestation When children are stimulated by allergens, cold air or other triggers, they often first show symptoms of upper respiratory allergy, such as itchy eyes, itchy nose, sneezing, runny nose, etc. As infants cannot tell, they can only be seen rubbing their noses and rubbing their eyes, and further show itchy palate, itchy throat, dry cough and choking cough. 2.The performance during a typical attack Sudden onset of wheezing is the main feature of childhood asthma, and the wheezing symptoms of childhood asthma vary greatly according to the severity of asthma. Children may have a high-pitched wheezing sound that can be heard without a stethoscope or at a certain distance apart. Respiratory frequency is accelerated, breathing is difficult, and infants and children may exhibit open-mouth breathing and nasal flapping. In severe attacks, the symptoms may include restlessness, seated breathing, shrugging of the shoulders and wheezing, more pronounced with expiratory difficulty, pale face, nasal flapping, bruised lips and nails, cold sweat, contraction of the auxiliary respiratory muscles, complaints of chest tightness and shortness of breath, and even inability to speak continuously. On examination, trigeminal signs, accelerated heart rate, and croup sounds in both lungs are seen. Further exacerbation of the disease may lead to heart failure, such as jugular venous anger, swelling, small and medium alveolar sounds in the lung, liver enlargement, and in the case of emphysema, the liver and spleen may be palpable under the ribs, and in severe cases, heart failure. In children with chronic asthma, signs of emphysema such as barrel-shaped chest and bulging sounds on chest percussion can be seen. With appropriate treatment, symptoms may be slightly reduced if white mucous sputum can be expelled after coughing. Infants are mainly abdominal breathers, and because of their soft thorax, they often do not appear to be seated breathers, but they often like to be held by their parents, with their heads bent over their shoulders, and they are restless and irritable. During inhalation, the “three concave signs” appear, i.e., the upper sternal fossa, the upper clavicular fossa and the lower part of the rib arch show depression, while during exhalation, the upper and lower parts of the sternum appear protrusion due to the increase in intrathoracic pressure. In the remission period, children with asthma may not have any symptoms and signs, or only show the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. A small number of children may have chest discomfort, with or without croup in the lungs. Asthma is a chronic lung disease and cannot be cured. Repeated asthma attacks over a long period of time may lead to emphysema, when the anteroposterior diameter of the chest deepens in a barrel-shaped chest. In severe cases, the development is hindered and their stature is thin and short. These children are often accompanied by allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. However, if patients and parents can cooperate well with doctors, through appropriate and long-term treatment, asthma can be well controlled, and most of the above changes will be recovered if they can get effective treatment in childhood. 4. Symptoms of cough variant asthma Pediatric cough variant asthma is a common respiratory disease in children. Because of their delicate bronchial mucosa and low ability to resist infection by external germs, inflammation can easily occur and cause coughing. The disease is an allergic chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with a complex etiology, which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Allergies are closely related to the disease, and the disease is influenced by environmental factors. It can be triggered by exposure to a variety of irritants, such as cold air, fumes, foods that cause allergies, or inhalation of some feather dust or dust, or after a cold, and can be exacerbated by strenuous exercise. Meanwhile, children with past history of eczema, allergic rhinitis, etc., or family members with history of asthma or other allergic diseases should be alert to the possibility of cough variant asthma. Airway hyperresponsiveness is the basis for the development of bronchial asthma, and because the degree of airway hyperresponsiveness varies, the symptoms appear clinically. A few patients only show symptoms of respiratory allergy, such as recurrent cough, regular bouts of cough and spasmodic cough after irritation. These patients may have no wheezing or even dry moist rales, but may have a history of allergic disease such as eczema, allergic rhinitis or urticaria. Their serum IgE may be elevated and anti-allergy or wheezing medications are effective. If an airway responsiveness assay (what used to be called a bronchial provocation test) is performed, it may be abnormal. This type of asthma with cough as the main manifestation, also known as cough variant asthma, tends to start early, mostly before the age of 3 years, and can develop into classic asthma or remain as cough variant asthma if not treated specifically. Pediatric asthma is a common disease in children nowadays, but the responsibility of parents is even greater in children with asthma because of their inability to clearly express the cause and symptoms. Moreover, since children are not capable of taking care of themselves, the care is on the adults. Therefore, the responsibility of parents for preventing pediatric asthma is even more difficult, so they should be more careful when observing and must pay extra attention to taking care of their asthmatic children’s clothing, food, housing and transportation. The following is a list of precautions for your child’s care. 1.Avoid foods that can cause allergic symptoms, such as crabs and shrimps. 2.Don’t let your child fall asleep holding long stuffed toys. 3. When the seasons change and the temperature changes suddenly, you should add clothes for your child in time, while clothes should be dried and disinfected frequently. 4, do not keep pets and flowers at home, do not lay carpets; avoid contact with pollen, dust mites, oil fumes, paint, etc. 5.Keep ventilation indoors, especially in children’s bedrooms. Asthma not only brings great pain to the child’s body, but in serious cases it can even affect the child’s normal learning and development, and over time it may also occur in respiratory failure, pulmonary heart disease and other complications. Therefore, as parents, we must pay more attention and keep an eye out, so as not to let the delay in seeking medical treatment bring too much harm to the child. The causes of bronchial asthma attacks are complex, and the pathogenesis is not completely clear in the medical community. Asthma is a disease that is difficult to cure. In addition to long-term medication, asthma should be treated with appropriate physical exercise on a daily basis to improve their physical fitness and reduce the chances of catching a cold. At the same time, we should also pay attention to all aspects of asthma prevention to reduce the number of recurrences and promote recovery. The symptoms are sudden onset of dyspnea, hissing croup, chest tightness or persistent cough. It can be relieved by itself or after treatment, but is prone to recurrent attacks. Most of the asthma in infants and children have triggers, such as respiratory infections, inhalation of allergens or irritating odors, and food allergies. It is clinically found that pediatric asthma due to food allergy is more common, and many infants and children will develop asthma almost every time after eating allergenic foods, which should attract sufficient attention from parents. The following is a summary of the common foods that are likely to cause asthma in infants and young children? 1, eggs: eggs contain ovalbumin, ovalbumin-like protein is the main antigen of protein class, with heat resistance, not easily destroyed by protein hydrolase, so the ingestion can cause allergic reactions. 2, milk and its products: This is due to the lack of comprehensive and sufficient immunoglobulins in milk, that is, the lack of antibodies, while milk contains more than 20 kinds of proteins, of which B-lactoglobulin is the strongest antigenic, and heat-resistant, and has a certain resistance to protease, heating with sugar can increase its antigenicity, and the chance of inducing asthma attacks increases. Therefore, it is best not to add sugar when cooking milk for infants and children. 3, other foods: such as shrimp, crab, shellfish, pork, chicken, peanuts, walnuts, sunflower seeds, chocolate, coffee, soybeans and their products, etc. Since some children may be allergic to only one kind of food, some may be allergic to a variety of foods, or the allergy may not occur in the food itself, but the additives to the food. According to statistics, about 5% of people who develop asthma do so from sulfites (antioxidants and preservatives). Food-induced asthma is characterized by wheezing that occurs within minutes to hours after eating. To determine what foods are associated with asthma, in addition to relying on medical history (i.e., having eaten a food that caused an allergic reaction or wheezing and the symptoms resolving naturally after discontinuation), skin testing, measuring specific immunoglobulins in the serum or performing an oral provocation test, studying the type of allergenic food, and avoiding that type of food will help reduce the occurrence of allergic reactions.