Treatment of relapsed refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  If the relapse is long since the last treatment, e.g. ≥ 2 years previous induction regimen can be repeated followed by transplantation.  If proximity requires replacement with a non-cross-resistant chemotherapy, but the overall prognosis is poor. Clofarabine can be tried.  If available, CART treatment with subsequent transplantation can be applied.