Clinically, the phenomenon of hematuria can be differentiated between internal diseases and surgical diseases.1. For hematuria of internal origin, it is mainly produced by filtration of the basement membrane of the kidney. In this case, the rate of red blood cell aberrations in the urine is high, so urine phase contrast microscopy can be used to determine whether red blood cells are leaking from the kidneys. The more common diseases include primary glomerulonephritis and systemic diseases that cause kidney damage, including hypertensive nephropathy, rheumatoid immune nephritis, and diabetic kidney damage. All of these conditions can cause the kidney to leak out red blood cells into the urine; 2. In case of surgical hematuria, when urine routine as well as urine phase contrast microscopy is performed, the rate of red blood cell aberrations is very low and they all belong to the normal form of red blood cells. And in the above cases, patients need to exclude stones, tumors, urinary tract infections or having uroepithelial vascular malformations.