Studies reported by Nancy Cook and others from Brigham and Women’s Hospital in the United States have shown that long-term, alternate-day oral low-dose aspirin may reduce the risk of colon cancer in women. Currently, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that women aged 55-79 years take oral aspirin if the potential benefit is considered to outweigh the risk. Researchers note that this risk reduction may take longer to manifest, but may be accompanied by an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in this population. Long-term oral aspirin did not reduce the risk of lung cancer or breast cancer.