A. Some laws of aesthetic observation
Aesthetic observation of the human body is influenced by racial, social and personal factors, involving the dialectical unity of form and spirit, local and overall, only the overall harmony and proportional coordination can be called a complete beauty.
(A) the golden rule of division
This is the sixth century BC ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras discovered, later the ancient Greek aesthetician Plato will be called the golden section. This is actually a numerical proportional relationship, that is, a line into two parts, when the ratio of the long segment to the short segment is exactly equal to the ratio of the whole line to the long segment, the numerical ratio of 1.618 : 1 or 1 : 0.618, that is, the square of the long segment is equal to the product of the full length and the short segment. 0.618, with strict proportionality, artistry, harmony, contains a wealth of aesthetic value.
Why do people instinctively feel the presence of beauty with such a ratio? In fact, it is closely related to the evolution of human beings and the normal development of the human body. According to research, the evolutionary process from apes to humans, the skeletal aspects of the skull and leg bones to change the most, the torso shape due to the approximate gold and rectangular change the least, the human body structure has many proportional relationships close to 0.618, thus making the human body beauty in hundreds of thousands of years of historical accumulation fixed. Humans are most familiar with their own, inevitably the human body beauty as the highest aesthetic standards, from things and people, from people and things, and by extension, all objects similar to the human body will like it, it feels beautiful. So the golden mean law as an important form of beauty law, become the aesthetic classical law passed down from generation to generation.
In recent years, in the study of the golden section and the relationship between the human body, found the human body structure has 14 “golden point” (the ratio of the short section of the object to the long section of 0.618), 12 “golden rectangle” (width and length ratio of 0.618 rectangle) and 2 A “golden index” (the proportional relationship between two objects is 0.618).
1, the golden point.
(1) navel: the top of the head – the division point of the foot;
(2) throat: the top of the head – the split point of the navel;
(3), (4) knee joint: navel – the split point of the foot;
(5), (6) Elbow joint: shoulder joint – the point of division of the tip of the middle finger;
(7), (8) Nipple: the division point on the longitudinal axis of the torso nipple;
(9) The point between the eyebrows: the splitting point between the upper 1/3 of the hairline and the bottom of the chin and the middle and lower 2/3;
(10) The point under the nose: the splitting point between the hairline and the bottom of the chin between the lower 1/3 and the upper middle 2/3;
(11) Lip bead point: the bottom of the nose – the bottom of the chin spacing on 1/3 and the middle and lower 2/3 of the division point;
(12) Chin-lip groove positive road point: the bottom of the nose – bottom of the chin spacing between the lower 1/3 and the upper middle 2/3 of the division point;
(13) Left corner of the mouth point: the splitting point between the left 1/3 and the right 2/3 of the horizontal line of the oral fissure;
(14) Right corner of the mouth: the splitting point between the right 1/3 and the left 2/3 of the horizontal line of the mouth cleft.
2.Golden rectangle.
(1) Torso contour: the average of shoulder width and hip width is width, and the height from shoulder peak to hip bottom is length;
(2) facial contour: the width of the face at the eye level is wide, and the distance from the hairline to the bottom of the chin is long;
(3) Nasal profile: the width of the nose is wide, and the distance from the root of the nose to the base of the nose is long;
(4) Lip contour: the spacing between the upper and lower lip peaks at rest is wide, and the spacing between the corners of the mouth is long;
(5), (6) Hand contour: the horizontal diameter of the hand is wide, and the average of the five fingers together is long;
(7), (8), (9), (10), (11), (12) maxillary incisors, lateral incisors, and cuspids (three on each side)
Profile: the largest proximal and distal mesial diameter is wide, and the gingival diameter is long.
3.Golden index.
(1) reflect the nose-lip index of the nasal-mouth relationship: the ratio of the width of the nose and the distance between the corners of the mouth approximates the golden number;
(2)The eye-lip index reflecting the eye-mouth relationship: the ratio between the distance between the corners of the mouth and the distance between the outer canthus of the two eyes approximates the golden number.
0.618, as one of the standard scales of human body beauty, is indisputable, but we cannot ignore the existence of its “fuzzy characteristics”, which, like other aesthetic parameters, have a range of permissible changes, subject to the constraints of race, region and individual differences.
(B) proportional relationship
It is the use of numbers to express the beauty of the human body and to compare it with certain benchmarks. Using a part of the same human body as a benchmark to determine its proportional relationship with the human body is known as the same body method is divided into three groups: coefficient method, often refers to the head height body length index, such as drawing the human body has a sitting five, standing seven, that is, the height in the sitting position for the head height of five times, the standing position for 7 or 7.5 times; percentage method, the body length is considered 100%, the proportion of body parts in which; two divisions: that is, the body is divided into size Two parts, the larger part from the feet to the umbilicus, and the smaller part from the umbilicus to the top of the head.
The standard face shape, its length and width ratio is coordinated, in line with the three stops five eyes three stops refers to the length of the face, from the head hairline to the chin distance is divided into three equal parts, that is, from the hairline to the eyebrows, eyebrows to the tip of the nose, the tip of the nose to the chin is divided into a first part, each called a stop a total of three stops; five eyes refers to the width of the face, the length of the frontal projection between the ears is the length of the five eye fissures, in addition to the eye fissures, the inner this spacing is the length of one fissure, both sides of the outer canthus to Each of the ears has a cleft length, its is the length of five eyes called five eyes.
(C) Angle relationship
The lateral angle doctrine proposed by Belt and Campen is to reflect the beauty of the human form through the angle. Campen’s doctrine is a method of measuring the tilt angle of the forehead when viewed from the side by using the straight line connecting the point under the nose and the point of the ear hole as a reference. This allows the complex three-dimensional sense of the head to be described by a simple contour line – known as the lateral qualitative analysis method. A straight line connecting the tip of the nose and the point under the chin is used to observe the prominence of the lips and to evaluate the beauty of the lower part of the face. The tip of the nose, the red front edge of the lower lip, and the point under the chin are on the same straight line, which is called Ricketts aesthetic plane and is a sign of beauty.
Second, human body type classification
(I) Sheldon classification
In the 1940s, anthropologist Sheldon studied the body types of 45,000 people and divided them into three types
1. Ectodermal type with long limbs, long and thin fingers and toes, thin bone structure, little muscle and subcutaneous fat.
2, meso-embryonic type thick bones, well-developed muscles, medium subcutaneous fat, wide hands, broad and strong chest.
3. Endodermal type has round and soft trunk, more subcutaneous fat, slender waist and ankles, and smaller face.
(II) Illouz classification
Illouz classifies human body shape according to localized fat deposit (LFD) distribution, hormonal influence and ethnic differences.
1.Classification according to the influence of hormones
(1) Male type: i.e. trunk type. LFD is distributed in the lower abdomen and deltoid region. Male type obesity is more harmful, the incidence of cardiovascular disease is higher than female type obesity.
(2) female type: that is, limb root type. lfd is distributed around the pelvis, such as inter-rotor, skeletal crest, medial femur, lower abdomen.
2.Classification according to LFD distribution
(1) Upper 1/3 syndrome, i.e. fat deposition in the upper 1/3 of the trunk.
(2) Middle 1/3 syndrome, i.e. fat deposited in the middle 1/3 of the torso.
(3) Lower 1/3 syndrome, i.e. fat deposited in the lower 1/3 of the torso.
3.Classification according to race
(1) Latino ethnic type: with typical violin-like body shape, LFD is deposited in the hip and between the rotors.
(2) Mongolian ethnic type: LFD is deposited from the waist to the chest, and the upper limbs have “kimono-like” deformities
(3) Germanic and Nordic type: LFD is deposited around the hips and abdomen with an “inner fetus” like body shape.
(4) Black race type: the buttocks are enlarged.
Body aesthetics
(A) Standards of physical beauty
1, male: normal skeletal development, joints are not thick and bulging; well-developed muscles, thin subcutaneous fat; decent features, coordinated with the head and face; symmetrical broad shoulders, well-developed deltoid muscles; obvious chest muscle contour; flat waist; flat abdomen, muscle contour and tendon delineation faintly visible, the torso is inverted triangle; showing a male body full of strength.
2, female: normal bone development, joints are not thick and bulging; muscle proportion, subcutaneous fat in the right amount; facial features, with the head and face with coordination; symmetrical shoulders, rounded curves; full breasts and not sagging, side view curve is obvious; waist fine round, slightly cylindrical, abdomen flat; presenting a female exquisite puffy, curvy and elegant body.
The female form is S-shaped curve, on the basis of the proportion of all parts of the body in harmony, its bust, waist and hip circumference is of great significance to the beauty of the female form curve.
(B) the aesthetics of various parts of the human body shape
1.Neck: The shape of the neck is thick and short, moderate and slender. The aesthetic standard of the neck should be slightly slender, with the jaw and chest even into a beautiful curve, no double chin when flexing the neck. The position of the hyoid bone has a great influence on the shape of the neck. If the position is too low, the angle of the chin and neck will be obtuse or even in a straight line, the chin will be inconspicuous and the appearance of the neck will be short and thick; if the position is too high, the angle of the chin and neck will be close to 90°, the neck will be too slender and the chin and neck curve will not be beautiful.
2.Breast: Chinese women have a smaller chest compared to Caucasians, but according to Qiao Qun and other measurements there is no significant difference in the volume of their breasts. The shape and volume of the breast is an important indicator of female physical beauty. Age is not the main factor causing changes in breast shape, but the duration of breastfeeding is related to the sagging of the breast and the downward movement of the nipple. Normal women should have moderate size, firm and healthy breasts, too small volume will lose the unique female sexual aesthetic characteristics, too large volume or sagging will affect the female curve, and even cause dysfunction. The male chest is muscular, gradually narrowing from top to bottom, the upper part of the torso is inverted triangle.
3, abdomen: the abdomen should be flat or slightly concave, no obvious projection, visible when lying flat under the rib arch triangular depression and both sides of the iliac crest. The flat abdomen of women can set off the curve of the breast bulge to form the S-shaped curve of the female torso. Male abdomen vaguely visible in the outline of the rectus abdominis muscle and 3-4 rectus abdominis tendon row.
4, waist: China since ancient times that the female waist to fine and soft for the beauty of the willow waist to describe the beauty of the female form. Ideal waist circumference: (breast bust + hip circumference)/2. Men’s waist should be full of strength, no lifebelt-like fat accumulation.
5, the buttocks: the buttocks is one of the main parts of the S-shaped curves of women. Women’s hips are slightly larger than men’s, hip circumference and chest circumference, waist circumference should meet a certain ratio, waist circumference should account for 60%-80% of the hip circumference; hips should be raised upward, the position of the lower hip crease can not be too low, its length does not exceed 1/3 of the hip, the depression can not be too deep, otherwise, the hips will give people a sense of falling, weakening the shape of the curve and the length of the lower limbs.
6.Upper extremities and hands: no sagging skin and soft tissue when the upper arms are abducted (kimono-like deformity). The female shoulder joint curve is rounded, the hands are plump and slender, the shape is round and smooth, the skin is delicate and white, the nails are red and smooth, and the joints move deftly.
7, lower limbs: female lower limbs should be long, round and straight, no knee inversion or knee valgus; thigh lines smooth and soft, elastic skin, width equal to the width of the face; knee contour is clear, subcutaneous fat should be moderate; calf smooth and slender, the length of the thigh length 3/4, the upper thin than the middle, the lower obviously thin than the middle, the central muscle belly is short arc; ankle Achilles tendon on both sides of the subcutaneous fat should be thin, clear contour. Male lower limb subcutaneous fat is less, robust and straight, calf muscle is full and the outline of the muscle is vaguely visible.