Diabetic complications are diseases caused on the basis of diabetes mellitus, which can involve all organs of the body, and are mainly divided into chronic and acute complications. Chronic complications include diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic foot, and macrovascular lesions. Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state.
1. Diabetic retinopathy: patients may have fundopathy, which is characterized by blurred vision, diplopia, and even blindness.
2. Diabetic nephropathy: it often occurs at the same time with diabetic retinopathy, with microalbuminuria in the early stage, and large amount of proteinuria, renal insufficiency and uremia in the late stage.
3. Diabetic neuropathy: it is divided into central neuropathy, peripheral neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy, which mainly manifests as numbness and pain in distal limbs, postural hypotension and rapid heart rate.
4. Macrovascular lesions: diabetes mellitus is a high-risk factor for atherosclerosis, which can lead to narrowing of large vessels.
5. Diabetic foot: diabetic patients can develop diabetic foot on the basis of diabetic neuropathy and macrovascular lesions, which is manifested as lower limb infection, non-healing wounds and ulcers.
6. Diabetic ketoacidosis: characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis, it may manifest as irritability, apathy, epilepsy, nausea, vomiting, dehydration and even sudden death.
7. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state: hyperglycemia, but no ketoacidosis, plasma osmosis is obviously elevated, mainly manifested as dehydration and consciousness disorder.
Diabetic patients with complications should consult the endocrinology department of regular hospitals and standardize treatment under the guidance of physicians.